1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல் என்பதற்கான மூலத்தைப் பார்

{{Infobox pandemic
| name = 1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல்
| image = Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg
| alt = எசுப்பானிய இன்ஃபுளுவென்சாவால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு கேம்ப் பன்சுட்டனில் உள்ள மருத்துமனையில்  [[கேன்சஸ்|கான்சசின்]] ரிலீ கோட்டையைச் சேர்ந்த படைவீரர்கள்.
| caption = எசுப்பானிய இன்ஃபுளுவென்சாவால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு கேம்ப் பன்சுட்டனில் உள்ள மருத்துமனையில்  [[கேன்சஸ்|கான்சசின்]] ரிலீ கோட்டையைச் சேர்ந்த படைவீரர்கள்.
| map1 = 
| legend1 = 
| map2 = 
| legend2 = 
| map3 = 
| legend3 = 
| map4 = 
| legend4 = 
| map5 = 
| image2 = 
| alt2 = 
| image3 = 
| alt3 = 
| image4 = 
| alt4 = 
| image5 = 
| alt5 = 
| footer_align = 
| footer = 
| disease = [[இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா]]
| virus_strain = ஏ/எச்1என்1 திரிபுகள்
| location = உலகம் முழுவதும்
| first_reported = 
| first_outbreak = தெரியவில்லை
| first_case = 
| date = பெப்ரவரி 1918 – ஏப்ரல் 1920<ref name="NIH-NYC">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang W, Petkova E, Shaman J |date=March 2014 |title=The 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City: age-specific timing, mortality, and transmission dynamics |journal=Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses |publisher=[[தேசிய நல கழகம், ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=177–88 |doi=10.1111/irv.12217 |pmc=4082668 |pmid=24299150}}</ref>
| arrival_date = 
| cases = 
| recovery_cases = 
| suspected_cases = 500 மில்லியன் (மதிப்பிடப்பட்டது {{sfn|Taubenberger|Morens|2006}}
| deaths = 25–50 மில்லியன் (பொதுவாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டது), மற்ற மதிப்பீடுகள் 17 முதல் 100 மில்லியன் வரை இருக்கும்<ref name=":17">{{cite web|date=2013|title=Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance|url=https://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/GIP_PandemicInfluenzaRiskManagementInterimGuidance_Jun2013.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121225326/https://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/GIP_PandemicInfluenzaRiskManagementInterimGuidance_Jun2013.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=21 August 2021|website=[[உலக சுகாதார அமைப்பு]]|page=25}}</ref><ref name="pmid30202996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J | title = Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 187 | issue = 12 | pages = 2561–67 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30202996 | pmc = 7314216 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy191 | publisher = [[ஒக்ஸ்போர்ட் பல்கலைக்கழகப் பதிப்பகம்]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/local/retropolis/coronavirus-deadliest-pandemics/ |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020 | vauthors = Rosenwald MS |newspaper=[[தி வாசிங்டன் போஸ்ட்]] |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200407204000/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/local/retropolis/coronavirus-deadliest-pandemics/ |archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
| territories = 
| total_ili = 
| website = 
}}

'''1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல்''' (சனவரி 1918 – திசம்பர் 1920) '''எசுப்பானிய இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா/எசுப்பானிய ஃபுளூ''', '''பெரும் இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல்''' என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. 1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல் எனப்படுவது வழமையல்லா கொல்லியாக இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல் ஏற்பட்ட நிகழ்வு குறிப்பதாகும்.

இது [[எச்1.என்1 சளிக்காய்ச்சல்|எச்1.என்1 சளிக்காய்ச்சல் நுண்ணுயிரியால்]] ஏற்பட்டது.<ref>[http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/conf/CRC/Grippe_CRC.ppt ''Institut Pasteur. La Grippe Espagnole de 1918'' (Powerpoint presentation in French)].</ref> இந்நோய் உலகெங்கும், தொலைபகுதிகளில் உள்ள அமைதிப் பெருங்கடல் தீவுகளும் ஆர்க்டிக் பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளிட்ட,  500&nbsp;மில்லியன் மக்களை பாதித்தது;{{sfn|Taubenberger|Morens|2006}} 50 முதல் 100&nbsp;மில்லியன் மக்கள் (உலக மக்கள்தொகையில் 3 முதல் 5%) இத்தொற்றால் உயிரிழந்தனர்.<ref>{{cite web | title=Historical Estimates of World Population
|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php|accessdate=29 March 2013}}</ref>) எனவே இதுவே மனித வரலாற்றில் நிகழ்ந்த மிகப்பெரும் இயற்கைப் பேரழிவாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றது.{{sfn|Taubenberger|Morens|2006}}{{sfn|Patterson|Pyle|1991}}{{sfn|Billings|1997}}{{sfn|Johnson|Mueller|2002}}

பெரும்பாலான சளிக்காய்ச்சல்கள் குழந்தைகளையும் பெரியவர்களையும் ஏற்கெனவே வலிவிழந்துள்ள நோயாளிகளையும் வெவ்வேறு வீதத்தில் கொல்லும்.  மாறாக,1918இல் ஏற்பட்ட தொற்று பெரும்பாலும், நோய்க்கு முன்னர் உடல்நலம் நன்றாக இருந்த இளைஞர்களைக் கொன்றது.  பாதிக்கப்பட்டோரின் உறைநிலை உடல்களிலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட நுண்ணுயிரிகளைக் கொண்டு நடத்தப்பட்ட தற்கால ஆராய்ச்சிகளில் சைட்டோகைன் தாக்கம் (''cytokine storm'', உடலின் [[நோய் எதிர்ப்பாற்றல் முறைமை]]யின் அதீத எதிர்வினை) மூலம் உயிரிழப்பு நிகழ்ந்ததாக அறிகிறார்கள். எனவேதான் உடல்நலமிக்க இளைஞர்களின் வலிவான  எதிர்ப்பாற்றல் செய்வினைகள் உடலைப் புரட்டிப்போட்டு உயிரிழக்க வைத்தன; சிறுவர்கள், முதியோரின் எதிர்ப்பாற்றல்கள் வலுவிழந்து இருந்ததால் இத்தகையோரில் குறைவான பேர்கள்  உயிரிழந்தனர்.{{sfn|Barry|2004}}

குறைவான வரலாற்றுத் தரவுகளும் [[நோய்ப் பரவல் இயல்|நோய்ப் பரவலியல்]] தரவுகளும் கொண்டு  இத்தொறு எந்த புவிப்பகுதியிலிருந்து தொடங்கியது என்பதை அடையாளம் காணவியவில்லை. {{sfn|Taubenberger|Morens|2006}} 1920களில் ஏற்பட்ட சோம்பேறித்தன மூளையழற்சி நோய்த்தொற்றிற்கு இதுவும் காரணமாக கூறப்படுகின்றது.{{sfn|Vilensky|Foley|Gilman|2007}}

[[முதல் உலகப் போர்|உலகப் போரின்]] போது கலவரப்படாமல் இருப்பதற்காக செருமனி, பிரித்தானியா, பிரான்சு, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா போன்ற நாடுகளில் இந்நோய்த்தொற்றைக் குறித்த துவக்க அறிக்கைகளும் உயிரிழந்தோர் எண்ணிக்கையும் தணிக்கை செய்யப்பட்டன. {{sfn|Valentine|2006}}<ref>
{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Susan|title=Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php|publisher=[[American College of Physicians]]|accessdate=2 October 2011|date=29 August 2006}}
</ref>
இப்போரில் ஈடுபடாத நடுநிலை எசுப்பானியாவில்  நாளிதழ்கள் இந்நோய்த்தொற்றைக் குறித்த செய்திகளை வெளியிட்டனர். அரசர் பதின்மூன்றாம் அல்போன்சோவும்  நோய்வாய்ப்பட்டிருந்ததை செய்தியாக வெளியிட்டன.{{sfn|Porras-Gallo| Davis| 2014}} இதனால் எசுப்பானியாதான் மிகவும் மோசமாக பாதிப்பிற்குள்ளானதைப் போன்ற தோற்றப்பிழை எழுந்தது.{{sfn|Barry|2004| p=171}} எனவே இந்நோய்ப்பரவலை '''எசுப்பானிய சளிக்காய்ச்சல்''' என்றனர்.{{sfn|Galvin|2007}}. 
==ஒளிப்படத் தொகுப்பு==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:Spanish flu death chart.png|[[நியூயார்க் நகரம்|நியூயார்க்]], [[பெர்லின்]], [[பாரிஸ்]], மற்றும் [[இலண்டன்]] நகரங்களில் மரண எண்ணிக்கை (நலவாழ்வு & மருத்துவ அருங்காட்சியகம், வாசிங்டன்), c. 1918–1919
File:1918 flu outbreak2.jpg|இரண்டு அமெரிக்க செஞ்சிலுவை செவிலியர் ஃபுளூ நோய்த்தொற்றின்போது சிகிச்சை முறைகளுக்கு செய்முறை விளக்கம் தருதல்.
Image:Sp-flu-alberta-field.jpg|[[ஆல்பர்ட்டா]] மாகாண உழவர்கள்தங்களைக் காத்துக்கொள்ள முகமூடி அணிந்திருத்தல்.
Image:165-WW-269B-25-police-l restored.jpg|1918இல் [[சியாட்டில்]] நகரில் அமெரிக்க காவலர்களுக்கு செஞ்சிலுவைச் சங்கத்தினால் முகமூடி வழங்கப்பட்டது
Image:165-WW-269B-11-trolley-l.jpg|1918இல் [[சியாட்டில்|சியாட்டிலில்]] சாலை மின்வண்டி நடத்துநர் முகமூடி அணியாதவர்களை ஏற்ற மறுத்தல்
Image:1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg|[[செயின்ட் லூயிஸ் (மிசோரி)]], மிசூரியில் நோயாளி ஒருவரை செஞ்சிலுவை சங்கத்தினர் அகற்றுதல் (1918)
Image:SpanishFluWardWalterReed.jpg|1918–1919 எசுப்பானிய சளிக்காய்ச்சல் பரவல்போது வால்டர் ரீடு மருத்துவ மையத்தில் இன்ஃபூளூவென்சா வார்டு
Image:Spanish flu victims burial North River Labrador 1918.JPG|நோயால் உயிரிழந்தோரை புதைத்தல், வடக்கு ஆறு, கனடா (1918)
Image:1919FluVictimsTokyo.jpg|1919 டோக்கியோ, சப்பான்
Image:1919FluVictims_Japanese_Poster.jpg|1919இல் சப்பானியச் சுவரொட்டி 
File:1918 flu outbreak RedCrossLitterCarriersSpanishFluWashingtonDC.jpg|வாசிங்டன் நகரில் செஞ்சிலுவைச் சங்கத்தின் நெருக்கடி ஆம்புலன்சு மையத்தில் செய்முறை விளக்கம், 1919 நோய்ப்பரவல்
File:Kavalleriedenkmal Lueg 01 09.jpg|Cavalry [[சுவிட்சர்லாந்து]], பெர்னில் நோய்வாய்ப்பட்டிறந்த குதிரைப்படை வீரர்களுக்கான நினைவுச் சின்னம்
</gallery>

==மேற்சான்றுகள்==
{{Reflist|2}}
===நூற்கோவை===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal
| last1      = Antonovics
| first1     = J.
| last2      = Hood
| first2     = M. E.
| last3      = Baker
| first3     = C. H.
| title      = Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?
| journal    = Nature
| volume     = 440
| issue      = 7088
| pages      = E9, E10
| date       = 2006
| pmid       = 16641950
| doi        = 10.1038/nature04824
| ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last       = Barry
| first      = John M.
| authorlink = John M. Barry
| title      = The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History
| url       = https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john
| publisher  = Viking Penguin
| date       = 2004
| isbn       = 978-0-670-89473-4
| ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last        = Barry
 |first       = John M.
 |authorlink  = John M. Barry
 |title       = The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications
 |date        = 2004b
 |url         = http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/2/1/3
 |journal     = Journal of Translational Medicine
 |volume      = 2
 |issue       = 3
 |doi         = 10.1186/1479-5876-2-3
 |pmid        = 14733617
 |archiveurl  = https://www.webcitation.org/5gWiCPrkd?url=http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/2/1/3
 |archivedate = 2009-05-04
 |ref         = harv
 |pmc         = 340389
 |access-date = 2016-03-03
 |url-status  = live
}}
* {{cite book
| last1     = Benedict
| first1    = Michael Les
| last2     = Braithwaite
| first2    = Max
| authorlink2=Max Braithwaite
| title     = In the Face of Disaster: True Stories of Canadian Heroes from the Archives of Maclean's
| url     = https://archive.org/details/infaceofdisaster0000bene
| year      = 2000
| publisher = Viking
| location  = New York, N.Y
| isbn      = 978-0-670-88883-2
| page      = [https://archive.org/details/infaceofdisaster0000bene/page/38 38]
| chapter   = The Year of the Killer Flu
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite web
 |url         = http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/
 |title       = The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
 |last        = Billings
 |first       = Molly
 |date        = 1997
 |publisher   = Virology at Stanford University
 |accessdate  = 1 May 2009
 |archiveurl  = https://www.webcitation.org/5gWiCreh4?url=http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/
 |archivedate = 4 மே 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |ref         = harv
}}
* Bristow, Nancy K. ''American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic'' (OUP, 2012)
* {{cite web
 |url         = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no01/05-0979.htm
 |title       = 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
 |accessdate  = 2 September 2009
 |archiveurl  = https://www.webcitation.org/5kCUlGdKu?url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm
 |archivedate = 1 அக்டோபர் 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |ref         = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last1   = Chandra
 |first1  = S.
 |last2   = Kuljanin
 |first2  = G.
 |last3   = Wray
 |first3  = J.
 |title   = Mortality From the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: The Case of India
 |url     = http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x
 |journal = Demography
 |date    = 2012
 |doi     = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x
 |pmid    = 22661303
 |volume  = 49
 |issue   = 3
 |pages   = 857–865
 |ref     = harv
}}{{Dead link|date=ஆகஸ்ட் 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{cite book
| last      = Collier
| first     = Richard
| title     = The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19
| url      = https://archive.org/details/plagueofspanishl0000coll
| publisher = Atheneum
| date      = 1974
| isbn      = 978-0-689-10592-0
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite book 
| last      = Crosby
| first     = Alfred W.
| title     = Epidemic and Peace, 1918
| url      = https://archive.org/details/epidemicpeace1910000cros
| publisher = Greenwood Press
| location  = Westport, Ct
| date      = 1976
| isbn      = 978-0-8371-8376-3
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite book
 |last      = Crosby
 |first     = Alfred W.
 |title     = America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
 |publisher = Cambridge University Press
 |edition   = 2nd
 |date      = 2003
 |isbn      = 978-0-521-54175-6
 |url       = https://books.google.com/?id=KYtAkAIHw24C
 |ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Davis
| first      = Ryan A.
| title      = The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918
| url      = https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR4&dq=spanish+flu+davis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=b6gAVfm8Mor0yATIxoG4Cg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=catchy&f=false
| date      = 2013
| publisher      = Palgrave Macmillan
| isbn      = 978-1-137-33921-8
| ref      = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last          = Denoon
| first         = Donald
| title         = New Economic Orders: Land, Labour and Dependency
| editor1-last  = Denoon
| editor1-first = Donald
| encyclopedia  = The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
| publisher     = CUP
| date          = 2004
| isbn          = 978-0-521-00354-4
| page          = 247
| ref           = harv
}}
* {{citation
| last1      = dos Reis
| first1     = M.
| last2      = Hay
| first2     = A. J.
| last3      = Goldstein
| first3     = R. A.
| date       = 2009
| title      = Using Non-Homogeneous Models of Nucleotide Substitution to Identify Host Shift Events: Application to the Origin of the 1918 'Spanish' Influenza Pandemic Virus
| journal    = Journal of Molecular Evolution
| volume     = 69
| issue      = 4
| pages      = 333–345
| doi        = 10.1007/s00239-009-9282-x
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Ewald
| first     = Paul W.
| title     = Evolution of infectious disease
| url      = https://archive.org/details/evolutionofinfec0000ewal
| publisher = OUP
| date      = 1994
| isbn      = 978-0-19-506058-4
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite news
 |url        = http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE4BS56420081229
 |agency     = Reuters
 |date       = 29 December 2008
 |title      = Researchers unlock secrets of 1918 flu pandemic
 |accessdate = 2 September 2009
 |first      = Maggie
 |last       = Fox
 |ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite news
| title     = Swine flu shot protects against 1918 flu: study
| url     = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65E65S20100616
| agency     = Reuters
| date     = 16 June 2010
| first     = Maggie
| last     = Fox
| ref     = harv
}}
* {{cite web
 |last       = Galvin
 |first      = John
 |title      = Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918
 |url        = http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/natural-disasters/4219884
 |publisher  = [[பாப்புலர் மெக்கானிக்ஃசு]]
 |accessdate = 2 October 2011
 |date       = 31 July 2007
 |ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Garrett
| first      = T. A.
| date      = 2007
| title      = Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern-day Pandemic
| url      = http://www.stlouisfed.org/community_development/assets/pdf/pandemic_flu_report.pdf
| archivedate      = 23 அக்டோபர் 2012
| ref      = harv
| access-date      = 3 மார்ச்சு 2016
| archiveurl      = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023161801/http://www.stlouisfed.org/community_development/assets/pdf/pandemic_flu_report.pdf
}}
* {{cite journal
| last     = Gladwell
| first    = Malcolm
| title    = The Dead Zone
| journal  = New Yorker
| date     = 29 September 1997
| ref      = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| first     = J. N.
| last     = Hays
| date     = 1998
| url     = https://books.google.com/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&pg=PA274&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false
| title     = The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History
| page     = 274
| isbn     = 978-0-8135-2528-0
| ref     = harv
}}
* {{Cite journal
 |title   = Mechanistic modelling of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic
 |url     = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12080-011-0123-3
 |journal = Theoretical Ecology
 |date    = 2011
 |issn    = 1874-1738
 |pages   = 283–288
 |volume  = 4
 |issue   = 2
 |doi     = 10.1007/s12080-011-0123-3
 |first1  = Dai Hai
 |last1   = He
 |first2  = Jonathan
 |last2   = Dushoff
 |first3  = Troy
 |last3   = Day
 |first4  = Junling
 |last4   = Ma
 |first5  = David J. D.
 |last5   = Earn
 |ref     = harv
}}
* {{Cite journal
 |title   = Inferring the causes of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England and Wales
 |url     = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1766/20131345
 |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
 |date    = 2013
 |issn    = 0962-8452
 |pmid    = 23843396
 |pages   = 20131345
 |volume  = 280
 |issue   = 1766
 |doi     = 10.1098/rspb.2013.1345
 |first1  = Dai Hai
 |last1   = He
 |first2  = Jonathan
 |last2   = Dushoff
 |first3  = Troy
 |last3   = Day
 |first4  = Junling
 |last4   = Ma
 |first5  = David J. D.
 |last5   = Earn
 |ref     = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last     = Honigsbaum
| first    = Mark
| title    = Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918
| publisher= Palgrave Macmillan
| date     = 2008
| isbn     = 978-0-230-21774-4
| ref      = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |title  = Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
 |url    = http://wih.sagepub.com/content/21/1/55.full.pdf+html
 |format = pdf
 |doi    = 10.1177/0968344513504525
 |first  = Mark Osborne
 |last   = Humphries
 |work   = War in History
 |volume = 21
 |issue  = 1
 |pages  = 55–81
 |ref    = harv
}}{{Dead link|date=பிப்ரவரி 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{cite journal
| last1    = Johnson
| first1   = Niall P.
| last2    = Mueller
| first2   = J.
| title    = Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic
| url    = https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-2002_76_1/page/105
| journal  = Bull Hist Med
| volume   = 76
| issue    = 1
| pages    = 105–115
| date     = 2002
| pmid     = 11875246
| doi      = 10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
| ref      = harv
}}
* {{cite book
 |editor1-last    = Knobler
 |editor1-first   = S.
 |editor2-last    = Mack
 |editor2-first   = A.
 |editor3-last    = Mahmoud
 |editor3-first   = A.
 |editor4-last    = Lemon
 |editor4-first   = S.
 |display-editors = 3
 |title           = The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005)
 |chapter         = 1: The Story of Influenza
 |chapterurl      = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&page=57
 |publisher       = The National Academies Press
 |location        = Washington, D.C.
 |pages           = 60–61
 |ref             = {{harvid|Knobler|2005}}
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1     = Kobasa
| first1    = Darwyn
| first2    = Steven M.
| last2     = Jones
| first3    = Kyoko
| last3     = Shinya
| first4    = John C.
| last4     = Kash
| first5    = John
| last5     = Copps
| first6    = Hideki
| last6     = Ebihara
| first7    = Yasuko
| last7     = Hatta
| first8    = Jin Hyun
| last8     = Kim
| first9    = Peter
| last9     = Halfmann
| first10   = Masato
| last10    = Hatta
| first11   = Friederike
| last11    = Feldmann
| first12   = Judie B.
| last12    = Alimonti
| first13   = Lisa
| last13    = Fernando
| first14   = Yan
| last14    = Li
| first15   = Michael G.
| last15    = Katze
| first16   = Heinz
| last16    = Feldmann
| first17   = Yoshihiro
| last17    = Kawaoka
| date      = 2007
| title     = Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus
| journal   = Nature
| volume    = 445
| issue     = 7125
| pages     = 319–323
| doi       = 10.1038/nature05495
| pmid      = 17230189
| ref       = {{harvid|Kobasa|et al.|2007}}
}}
* {{Cite book
 |first     = George C.
 |last      = Kohn
 |title     = Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present
 |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA363&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
 |publisher = Infobase Publishing
 |date      = 2007
 |page      = 363
 |edition   = 3rd
 |isbn      = 978-0-8160-6935-4
 |ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite web
 |url           = http://www.air-worldwide.com/Publications/AIR-Currents/2013/Modeling-a-Modern-Day-Spanish-Flu-Pandemic
 |title         = Modeling a Modern-Day Spanish Flu Pandemic
 |publisher     = AIR's Research and Modeling Group
 |date          = 21 February 2013
 |accessdate    = 5 August 2014
 |first         = Nita
 |last          = Madhav
 |editor1-first = Molly J.
 |editor1-last  = Markey
 |ref           = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last    = Morrisey
 |first   = Carla R.
 |title   = The Influenza Epidemic of 1918
 |journal = Navy Medicine
 |volume  = 77
 |issue   = 3
 |date    = 1986
 |pages   = 11–17
 |url     = https://archive.org/details/U.s.NavyMedicineVol.77No.3May-june1986
 |ref     = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| title     = Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918–1919
| journal   = Clinical Infectious Diseases
| page      = 1203
| last1     = Noymer
| first1    = Andrew
| date      = 2010
| volume    = 50
| issue     = 8
| doi       = 10.1086/651472
| last2     = Carreon
| first2    = Daisy
| last3     = Johnson
| first3    = Niall
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Pankhurst
| first     = Richard
| title     = An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia
| location  = Trenton
| publisher = Red Sea Press
| date      = 1991
| isbn      = 978-0-932415-45-5
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1     = Patterson 
| first1    = K. D. 
| last2     = Pyle 
| first2    = G. F. 
| title     = The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic 
| url     = https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/4
| journal   = Bull Hist Med
| date      = 1991 
| volume    = 65 
| issue     = 1
| pages     = 4–21
| pmid      = 2021692
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last       = Phillips
| first      = Howard
| title      = The re-appearing shadow of 1918: trends in the historiography of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic
| journal    = Can Bull Med Hist
| date       = 2010
| volume     = 21
| issue      = 1
| pages      = 121–134
| pmid       = 15202430
| ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
 |editor1-first = Maria
 |editor1-last  = Porras-Gallo
 |editor2-first = Ryan A.
 |editor2-last  = Davis
 |title         = The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas
 |publisher     = University of Rochester Press
 |date          = 2014
 |isbn          = 978-1-58046-496-3
 |volume        = 30
 |encyclopedia  = Rochester Studies in Medical History
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=-j53BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=spanish+flu+davis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=b6gAVfm8Mor0yATIxoG4Cg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
 |ref           = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last    = Potter
 |first   = C. W.
 |title   = A History of Influenza
 |url     = http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
 |journal = J Appl Microbiol
 |date    = October 2006
 |volume  = 91
 |issue   = 4
 |pages   = 572–579
 |pmid    = 11576290
 |doi     = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
 |ref     = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| first     = Andrew T.
| last      = Price-Smith
| title     = Contagion and Chaos
| location  = Cambridge, MA
| publisher = MIT Press
| date      = 2008
| isbn      = 978-0-262-66203-1
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| last      = Rice
| first     = Geoffrey W.
| title     = Black November; the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand
| publisher = University of Canterbury Press
| date      = 2005
| isbn      = 978-1-877257-35-3
| edition   = 2nd
| authorlink= Geoffrey Rice
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1    = Simonsen
| first1   = L.
| last2    = Clarke
| first2   = M.
| last3    = Schonberger
| first3   = L.
| last4    = Arden
| first4   = N.
| last5    = Cox
| first5   = N.
| last6    = Fukuda
| first6   = K.
| date     = 1998
| title    = Pandemic versus Epidemic Influenza Mortality: A Pattern of Changing Age Distribution
| url    = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-07_178_1/page/53
| journal  = The Journal of Infectious Diseases 
| volume   = 178
| issue    = 1
| pages    = 53–60
| jstor    = 30114117
| ref      = harv
| doi=10.1086/515616
| pmid=9652423
}}
* {{cite journal
| title    = Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality, 1918–1919, Pharmacology, Pathology, and Historic Evidence
| first    = Karen M.
| last     = Starko
| journal  = Clinical Infectious Diseases
| date     = 2009
| volume   = 49
| issue    = 9
| pages    = 1405–1410
| doi      = 10.1086/606060
| pmid     = 19788357
| ref      = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| title    = Reply to Noymer et al.
| first    = Karen M.
| last     = Starko
| journal  = Clinical Infectious Diseases
| pages     = 1203–1204
| date     = 2010
| volume   = 50
| issue    = 8
| doi      = 10.1086/651473
| ref      = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last1   = Taubenberger
 |first1  = J.
 |last2   = Reid
 |first2  = A.
 |last3   = Janczewski
 |first3  = T.
 |last4   = Fanning
 |first4  = T.
 |title   = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus
 |journal = Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
 |volume  = 356
 |issue   = 1416
 |year    = 2001
 |pmid    = 11779381
 |url     = http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/(3sud2455cjw1ut55yowx1d45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,3,22;journal,61,225;linkingpublicationresults,1:102022,1
 |doi     = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020
 |pmc     = 1088558
 |ref     = harv
 |pages   = 1829–1839
}}{{Dead link|date=செப்டம்பர் 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{cite journal
| last1     = Taubenberger | first1   = J. 
| last2     = Reid         | first2   = A.
| last3     = Lourens      | first3   = R. M.
| last4     = Wang         | first4   = R.
| last5     = Jin          | first5   = G.
| last6     = Fanning      | first6   = T. G.
| title     = Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes
| journal   = Nature
| volume    = 437
| issue     = 7060
| pages     = 889–893
| date      = 2005
| pmid      = 16208372
| doi       = 10.1038/nature04230
| ref       = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last1       = Taubenberger
 |first1      = Jeffery K.
 |last2       = Morens
 |first2      = David M.
 |title       = 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics
 |url         = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm
 |journal     = Emerging Infectious Diseases
 |publisher   = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 |volume      = 12
 |issue       = 1
 |year        = 2006
 |pmid        = 16494711
 |archiveurl  = https://www.webcitation.org/5kCUlGdKu?url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm
 |archivedate = 1 அக்டோபர் 2009
 |url-status     = no
 |accessdate  = 28 September 2009
 |pmc         = 3291398
 |doi         = 10.3201/eid1201.050979
 |ref         = harv
 |pages       = 15–22
 |url-status  = live
}}
* {{cite web
 |last       = Valentine
 |first      = Vikki
 |title      = Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: The Case for France
 |url        = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5222069
 |publisher  = [[NPR]]
 |accessdate = 2 October 2011
 |date       = 20 February 2006
 |ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1      = Vana
| first1     = G.
| last2      = Westover
| first2     = K. M.
| title      = Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis
| journal    = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
| volume     = 47
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 1100–1110
| date       = 2008
| pmid       = 18353690
| doi        = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.003
| ref        = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last1   = Vilensky
 |first1  = J. A.
 |last2   = Foley
 |first2  = P.
 |last3   = Gilman
 |first3  = S.
 |title   = Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical
 |journal = Pediatr Neurol
 |volume  = 37
 |issue   = 2
 |pages   = 79–84
 |date    = 2007
 |pmid    = 17675021
 |doi     = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012
 |url     = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887-8994(07)00194-4
 |ref     = harv
}}
{{refend}}

== அடிக்குறிப்புகள் ==
{{notelist}}

=== மேற்கோள்கள் ===
{{reflist}}

=== நூல் பட்டியல் ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Antonovics J, Hood ME, Baker CH | title = Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin? | journal = Nature | volume = 440 | issue = 7088 | pages = E9; discussion E9–10 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16641950 | doi = 10.1038/nature04824 | s2cid = 4382489 | bibcode = 2006Natur.440E...9A }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Afkhami A | title = Compromised constitutions: the Iranian experience with the 1918 influenza pandemic | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 77 | issue = 2 | pages = 367–92 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12955964 | doi = 10.1353/bhm.2003.0049 | url = http://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=smhs_psych_facpubs | s2cid = 37523219 | access-date = 3 October 2017 | archive-date = 31 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200331092047/https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=smhs_psych_facpubs | url-status = live }} – Open access material by the Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Health Sciences Research Commons.
* {{cite encyclopedia |vauthors=Afkhami A |veditors=Yarshater E |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=Influenza |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/influenza |edition=Online |date=29 March 2012 |orig-date=15 December 2004 |series=Fasc. 2 |volume=XIII |pages=140–43 |place=New York City |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127161523/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/influenza |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Barry JM |author-link=John M. Barry |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Barry JM | title = The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | page = 3 | date = January 2004b | pmid = 14733617 | pmc = 340389 | doi = 10.1186/1479-5876-2-3 | author-link = John M. Barry }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Beiner |editor1-first=Guy |editor-link=Guy Beiner |title=Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918-1919 |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=9780192843739 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/pandemic-re-awakenings-9780192843739}}
* {{cite book |vauthors = Benedict ML, Braithwaite M |author-link2=Max Braithwaite |title=In the Face of Disaster: True Stories of Canadian Heroes from the Archives of Maclean's |year=2000 |publisher=Viking |place=New York |isbn=978-0-670-88883-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/infaceofdisaster0000bene/page/38 38] |chapter=The Year of the Killer Flu |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/infaceofdisaster0000bene }}
* {{cite web |url=http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ |title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic | vauthors = Billings M |year=1997 |publisher=Virology at Stanford University |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627131620/http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Bristow NK | title = American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic | location = New York | publisher = OUP | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-19-023855-1 | oclc = 1231722653 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J | title = Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919: the case of India | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_demography_2012-08_49_3/page/857 | journal = Demography | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 857–65 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22661303 | doi = 10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x | s2cid = 39247719 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Crosby AW | title = Epidemic and Peace, 1918 | url = https://archive.org/details/epidemicpeace1910000cros | url-access = registration | publisher = Greenwood Press | place = Westport, CT | year = 1976 | isbn = 978-0-8371-8376-3 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Crosby AW | title = America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-521-54175-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KYtAkAIHw24C | via = Google Books | access-date = 3 May 2020 | archive-date = 3 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200603044335/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYtAkAIHw24C | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Davis RA | title = The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&q=spanish+flu+davis&pg=PR4 | via = Google Books | year = 2013 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 978-1-137-33921-8 | access-date = 9 November 2020 | archive-date = 27 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210727045641/https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&q=spanish+flu+davis&pg=PR4 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | vauthors = Denoon D | title = New Economic Orders: Land, Labour and Dependency | veditors = Denoon D | encyclopedia = The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders | publisher = CUP | year= 2004 | isbn = 978-0-521-00354-4 | page = 247 }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Dionne|first1=K.Y|last2=Turkmen|first2=FF|year=2020|title=The Politics of Pandemic Othering: Putting COVID-19 in Global and Historical Context|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020818320000405/type/journal_article|journal=International Organization|language=en|volume=74|issue=S1|pages=E213–E230|doi=10.1017/S0020818320000405|s2cid=230561266}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = dos Reis M, Hay AJ, Goldstein RA | title = Using non-homogeneous models of nucleotide substitution to identify host shift events: application to the origin of the 1918 'Spanish' influenza pandemic virus | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–45 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19787384 | pmc = 2772961 | doi = 10.1007/s00239-009-9282-x | publisher = Springer Science and Business Media LLC | bibcode = 2009JMolE..69..333D }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Ewald PW |title=Evolution of infectious disease |publisher=OUP |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-506058-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofinfec0000ewal }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gagnon|first1=A|last2=Miller|first2=MS|last3=Hallman|first3=SA|last4=Bourbeau|first4=R|last5=Herring|first5=D.A|last6=Earn |first6=DJ|last7=Madrenas|first7=J |title=Age-specific mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic: unravelling the mystery of high young adult mortality |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=8 |page=e69586 |year=2013 |pmid=23940526 |pmc=3734171 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...869586G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069586 |doi-access=free|ref={{sfnRef|Gagnon|Miller|et al|2013}} }}
* {{cite news
 |url             = https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE4BS56420081229
 |work            = Reuters
 |date            = 29 December 2008
 |title           = Researchers unlock secrets of 1918 flu pandemic
 |access-date     = 2 September 2009
 | vauthors       = Fox M
 |archive-date    = 9 November 2020
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021614/https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE4BS56420081229
 |url-status      = live
}}
* {{cite news
 |title           = Swine flu shot protects against 1918 flu: study
 |url             = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65E65S20100616
 |work            = Reuters
 |date            = 16 June 2010
 |vauthors       = Fox M
 |access-date     = 30 June 2017
 |archive-date    = 18 June 2010
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20100618085652/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65E65S20100616
 |url-status      = live
}}
* {{cite magazine
 | vauthors       = Galvin J
 |title           = Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918
 |url             = http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/natural-disasters/4219884
 |magazine        = [[பாப்புலர் மெக்கானிக்ஃசு]]
 |access-date     = 2 October 2011
 |date            = 31 July 2007
 |archive-date    = 20 September 2011
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920153758/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/natural-disasters/4219884
 |url-status      = live
}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Garret TA | year = 2007 | title = Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern-day Pandemic | url = https://www.stlouisfed.org/~/media/Files/PDFs/Community%20Development/Research%20Reports/pandemic_flu_report.pdf | access-date = 22 November 2016 | archive-date = 22 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200922133957/https://www.stlouisfed.org/~/media/files/pdfs/community%20development/research%20reports/pandemic_flu_report.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite magazine | vauthors = Gladwell M | title = The Dead Zone | magazine = [[The New Yorker]] | date = 29 September 1997 | url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/09/29/the-dead-zone | author-link = Malcolm Gladwell | access-date = 16 March 2020 | archive-date = 15 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201215232431/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/09/29/the-dead-zone | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Hays JN | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&pg=PA274 | via = Google Books | title = The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History | page = 274 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2528-0 | access-date = 3 May 2020 | archive-date = 27 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210727045643/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC&pg=PA274 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ | title = Mechanistic modelling of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic | journal = Theoretical Ecology | year = 2011 | issn = 1874-1738 | pages = 283–88 | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1007/s12080-011-0123-3 | s2cid = 2010776 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ | title = Inferring the causes of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England and Wales | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 280 | issue = 1766 | page = 20131345 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23843396 | pmc = 3730600 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2013.1345 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Honigsbaum M | title = Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-230-21774-4 }}
* {{cite journal | title = Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic | doi = 10.1177/0968344513504525 | vauthors = Humphries MO | journal = War in History | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–81 | year = 2014 | s2cid = 159563767 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson NP, Mueller J | title = Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-2002_76_1/page/105 | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–15 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11875246 | doi = 10.1353/bhm.2002.0022 | s2cid = 22974230 }}
* {{cite book | veditors = Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S | title = The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) | chapter = 1: The Story of Influenza | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22148/ | publisher = The National Academies Press | place = Washington, DC | pages = 60–61 | ref = {{harvid|Knobler|2005}} | year = 2005 | access-date = 20 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201223130139/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22148/ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, Kash JC, Copps J, Ebihara H, Hatta Y, Kim JH, Halfmann P, Hatta M, Feldmann F, Alimonti JB, Fernando L, Li Y, Katze MG, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus | journal = Nature | volume = 445 | issue = 7125 | pages = 319–23 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17230189 | doi = 10.1038/nature05495 | ref = {{harvid|Kobasa|et al.|2007}} | s2cid = 4431644 | bibcode = 2007Natur.445..319K }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Kohn GC | title = Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present | via = Google Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA363 | publisher = Infobase Publishing | year = 2007 | page = 363 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 978-0-8160-6935-4 | access-date = 29 October 2015 | archive-date = 1 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182730/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA363 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Madhav N | title = Modeling a Modern Day Spanish Flu Pandemic | url = https://www.air-worldwide.com/SiteAssets/Publications/AIR-Currents/2013/Attachments/Modeling-a-Modern-Day-Spanish-Flu-Pandemic | date = February 2013 | publisher = [[AIR Worldwide]] | format = PDF | access-date = 5 May 2020 | archive-date = 26 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200226185550/https://www.air-worldwide.com/SiteAssets/Publications/AIR-Currents/2013/Attachments/Modeling-a-Modern-Day-Spanish-Flu-Pandemic | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=More|last2=Loveluck|last3=Clifford|last4=Handley |last5=Korotkikh |last6=Kurbatov|last7=McCormick|last8= Mayewski|title=The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the "Spanish Flu" Pandemic and WWI |journal=GeoHealth |volume=4 |issue=9 |page=e2020GH000277 |date=September 2020 |pmid=33005839 |pmc=7513628 |doi=10.1029/2020GH000277 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Morrisey CR | title = The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 | journal = Navy Medicine | volume = 77 | issue = 3 | year = 1986 | pages = 11–17 | url = https://archive.org/details/U.s.NavyMedicineVol.77No.3May-june1986 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Noymer A, Carreon D, Johnson N | title = Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918–1919 | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 50 | issue = 8 | pages = 1203; author reply 1203 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20233050 | doi = 10.1086/651472 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Pankhurst R | title = An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia | place = Trenton | publisher = Red Sea Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-932415-45-5 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson KD, Pyle GF | title = The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/4 | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–21 | date = 1991 | pmid = 2021692 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia
 | veditors       = Porras-Gallo M, Davis RA
 |title           = The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas
 |publisher       = University of Rochester Press
 |year            = 2014
 |isbn            = 978-1-58046-496-3
 |volume          = 30
 |encyclopedia    = Rochester Studies in Medical History
 |url             = https://books.google.com/books?id=-j53BQAAQBAJ&q=spanish+flu+davis&pg=PA51
 |via             = Google Books
 |access-date     = 9 November 2020
|archive-date    = 22 January 2021
|archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20210122003928/https://books.google.com/books?id=-j53BQAAQBAJ&q=spanish+flu+davis&pg=PA51
 |url-status      = live
}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Price-Smith AT | title = Contagion and Chaos | place = Cambridge, MA | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-262-66203-1 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Qureshi AI |title=Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zyXCgAAQBAJ&q=Ebola+Virus+Disease:+From+Origin+to+Outbreak+Adnan+1918+pandemic&pg=PA42 |via=Google Books |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-804242-7 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Rice GW | title = Black November; the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand | publisher = University of Canterbury Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-877257-35-3 | edition = 2nd | author-link = Geoffrey Rice }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Schonberger LB, Arden NH, Cox NJ, Fukuda K | title = Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-07_178_1/page/53 | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 178 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–60 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9652423 | doi = 10.1086/515616 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.327.2581 | jstor = 30114117 }}
* {{cite book  | vauthors = Spinney L | title=Pale rider: the Spanish flu of 1918 and how it changed the world |date=2018 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-1-78470-240-3 |place=London |oclc=1090305029}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Starko KM | title = Salicylates and pandemic influenza mortality, 1918-1919 pharmacology, pathology, and historic evidence | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 1405–10 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19788357 | doi = 10.1086/606060 | doi-access = free }} ([https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091002132346.htm summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085900/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091002132346.htm |date=9 January 2021 }} by [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]] and [[ScienceDaily]], 3 October 2009)
* {{cite journal | title = Reply to Noymer et al. | vauthors = Starko KM | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | pages = 1203–04 | year = 2010 | volume = 50 | issue = 8 | doi = 10.1086/651473 | url = https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/50/8/1203/1233634/50-8-1203a.pdf | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 17 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417064631/https://watermark.silverchair.com/50-8-1203a.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAlIwggJOBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggI_MIICOwIBADCCAjQGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMjXLzBqmlrL2ctfVrAgEQgIICBSjJbDcFo7GsbwBplBu-KiAiga-YeTUYdGIVok9fJA4I2j6YS70Wi6uBlPL5_4VuKrd-dJhNVm4V8QsM5hLf4pPrl_GwBz_Ucao2407ELFwFkZT_zVeB0_OdJzb1BxVb8zazMnQX9Hhng8osQAUQvQKQrW7-OC8crvdeF2MUxhBQ843V4GwyJ5800_4tdyGX_ZXtg6bl_dAmcNqKFsSRRvIw55Br3IrwsgSY-BH2RUxo2NHrwtsDNjvPImtGDSPYR1K7S65-3dtNyUr-eIoGWZWBrTCJTYTz04tDnHPzjhm5QRTrUJXBKafmrkERY3DcHBX2yq2XqkkCH64o7dVJ7cs6sAFejUhXO-kJOBM-yGC4w8nMIzyGJJKKevGnX4aAgTPSWvTExnDO3GNnHdlPn1iwXero-rEb69Wyloh2OQagnzMapZ_BtjBaWhryK_p5Of9peU83-Uulzl6N000GL5QHmnOG3bYJLuoFWBm2TXxW7TY4ybVbXoRTdSi57dCa37fN19WNCdXMw7e8ytw-MT2sKTxzG95vNH5eXXaAmwNSxGX3MGzYkd7ZsSxohlIpH6UNq8wCR3jp_x8CMq_1Q1mL7QnIx8pgJwet6YbkMKREtE0ZByTDAbxftO7Geb9vrQZIuc22cQ1-z9UElj6mjRGyYsVdeIUpbtu6jWBu50WE7_PlWWQ | url-status = live |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Lourens RM, Wang R, Jin G, Fanning TG | title = Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7060 | pages = 889–93 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16208372 | doi = 10.1038/nature04230 | s2cid = 4405787 | bibcode = 2005Natur.437..889T }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Taubenberger JK, Morens DM | title = 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–22 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16494711 | pmc = 3291398 | doi = 10.3201/eid1201.050979 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Vana G, Westover KM | title = Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1100–10 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18353690 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.003 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Vilensky JA, Foley P, Gilman S | title = Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical review | journal = Pediatric Neurology | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–84 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17675021 | doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012 | url = http://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(07)00194-4/abstract | access-date = 22 November 2016 | archive-date = 17 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417064629/https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(07)00194-4/abstract | url-status = live }}
{{refend}}

== மேலும் படிக்க ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Beiner G |author-link1=Guy Beiner |title=Out in the Cold and Back: New-Found Interest in the Great Flu |journal=Cultural and Social History |date=2006 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=496–505 |doi=10.1191/1478003806cs070ra |doi-broken-date=31 December 2022 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478003806cs070ra |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724110257/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478003806cs070ra |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation|title=Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918–1919|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/pandemic-re-awakenings-9780192843739|year=2022|publication-place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192843739|editor-last=Beiner|editor-first=Guy}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Brown J |title=Influenza: The Hundred Year Hunt to Cure the Deadliest Disease in History |publisher=Atria |place=New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5011-8124-5}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Byerly CR |title=Fever of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World War I | url = https://archive.org/details/feverofwarinflue00caro |publisher=New York University Press |place=New York|year=2005|isbn=0814799248}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chandra S, Christensen J, Likhtman S | title = Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective. | journal = Journal of Global History | date = November 2020 | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 408–20 | doi = 10.1017/S1740022820000261 | s2cid = 228988279 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Collier R |title=The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19 | url = https://archive.org/details/plagueofspanishl0000coll |publisher=Atheneum |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-689-10592-0}}
* {{cite book |title=More Deadly Than War: The Hidden History of the Spanish Flu and the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/moredeadlythanwa0000davi | vauthors = Davis KC |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=2018 |isbn=978-1250145123 }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Dorratoltaj N  |url  = https://www.air-worldwide.com/Publications/AIR-Currents/2018/What-the-1918-Flu-Pandemic-Can-Teach-Today-s-Insurers/ |title = What the 1918 Flu Pandemic Can Teach Today's Insurers |publisher = AIR Research and Modeling Group |date  = 29 March 2018 |access-date = 28 May 2019 | veditors = Carrell H |archive-date = 7 November 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223412/https://www.air-worldwide.com/Publications/AIR-Currents/2018/What-the-1918-Flu-Pandemic-Can-Teach-Today-s-Insurers/ |url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Duncan K | year=2003 | title=Hunting the 1918 flu: one scientist's search for a killer virus | publisher=University of Toronto Press | isbn=978-0-8020-8748-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPDI_30wRsEC | access-date=3 May 2020 | archive-date=24 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724112134/https://books.google.com/books?id=HPDI_30wRsEC | url-status=live }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Humphries MO |title=The Last Plague: Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada |year=2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1044-6 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Johnson N |title=Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue |publisher=Routledge |place=London and New York|year=2006|isbn=978-0-415-36560-4}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson N |year=2003|title=Measuring a pandemic: Mortality, demography and geography | url = https://popolazioneestoria.it/article/view/174 |journal=Popolazione e Storia|volume=4|issue=2|pages=31–52}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson N |year=2003|title=Scottish 'flu&nbsp;– The Scottish mortality experience of the 'Spanish flu'|journal=Scottish Historical Review|volume=83|issue=2|pages=216–26|doi=10.3366/shr.2004.83.2.216}}
* {{cite book| vauthors = Kolata G |author-link=Gina Kolata|title=Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|place=New York|year=1999|isbn=978-0-374-15706-7|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780965043267}}
* {{cite book| vauthors = Little J |author-link=Jean Little|title=If I Die Before I Wake: The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor, Toronto, Ontario, 1918| url = https://archive.org/details/ifidiebeforeiwak0000litt |publisher=Scholastic Canada|place=Markham, ON |year=2007|isbn=978-0-439-98837-7|series=[[Dear Canada]]}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Noymer A, Garenne M | title = The 1918 influenza epidemic's effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States | journal = Population and Development Review | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–81 | year = 2000 | pmid = 19530360 | pmc = 2740912 | doi = 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Innes W, Daniels RS, Johnson NP | title = World War I may have allowed the emergence of "Spanish" influenza | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–14 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11901642 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00185-8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Johnson NP, Daniels RS | title = Who's that lady? | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 1351–52 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10581070 | doi = 10.1038/70913 | s2cid = 5065916 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Pettit D, Janice B |title=A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918–1920 |publisher=Timberlane Books |place=Murfreesboro, TN |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9715428-2-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cruelwindpandemi0000pett }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Philips H | title = The re-appearing shadow of 1918: trends in the historiography of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic | journal = Canadian Bulletin of Medical History | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 121–34 | year = 2010 | pmid = 15202430 | doi = 10.3138/cbmh.21.1.121 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips H |title=The Recent Wave of 'Spanish' Flu Historiography |journal=Social History of Medicine |date=1 September 2014 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1093/shm/hku066 }}
* {{cite book | veditors = Phillips H, Killingray D |title=The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives |publisher=Routledge |place=London and New York |year=2003}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips H | title = '17,'18,'19: religion and science in three pandemics, 1817, 1918, and 2019. | journal = Journal of Global History | date = November 2020 | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 434–43 | doi = 10.1017/S1740022820000315 | s2cid = 228999483 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Potter CW | title = A history of influenza | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-microbiology_2001-10_91_4/page/572 | journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology | volume = 91 | issue = 4 | pages = 572–79 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11576290 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x | s2cid = 26392163 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal| vauthors = Rice GW, Edwina P |year=1993|title=Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918–1919: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses|journal=Journal of Japanese Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=389–420|doi=10.2307/132645|jstor=132645}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tumpey TM, García-Sastre A, Mikulasova A, Taubenberger JK, Swayne DE, Palese P, Basler CF | title = Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 21 | pages = 13849–54 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12368467 | pmc = 129786 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.212519699 | author-link2 = Adolfo García-Sastre | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9913849T | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}

; வீடியோக்கள்
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rfbk1Sg8JlE We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918] – NIH interviews with Spanish Flu survivors.
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?465724-7/influenza-pandemic-world-war Presentation by Nancy Bristow on the Influenza Pandemic and World War I, November 1, 2019], [[C-SPAN]]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3x1aLAw_xkY| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/3x1aLAw_xkY| archive-date=27 October 2021|title=Spanish Flu: a warning from history|publisher=[[கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்]]|date=30 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}

== வெளி இணைப்புகள் ==
{{Scholia}}
* {{Commons category-inline|எசுப்பானிய ஃபுளூ}}
{{Wikiquote|en:Spanish flu|1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல்}}
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/1918flu/index.html ''Nature'' "Web Focus" on 1918 flu, including new research]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/uda/ Influenza Pandemic] on stanford.edu
* [http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/ The Great Pandemic: The U.S. in 1918–1919.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910134149/http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/ |date=2009-09-10 }} US Dept. of HHS
* [http://www.influenzaarchive.org/ The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: A Digital Encyclopedia] Largest digital collection of newspapers, archival manuscripts and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities (Univ. of Michigan).
* [http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/news/nov2707barry.html Little evidence for New York City quarantine in 1918 pandemic. 27 Nov 2007 (CIDRAP News)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520210741/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/news/nov2707barry.html |date=20 மே 2013 }}
* [http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/1198/lynch.html Flu by Eileen A. Lynch. The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050304055539/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/1198/lynch.html |date=2005-03-04 }}
* [http://www.ninthday.com/tauben.htm Dialog: An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu]
* [http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/ The Deadly Virus&nbsp;– The Influenza Epidemic of 1918] US National Archives and Records Administration&nbsp;– pictures and records of the time

{{Authority control}}

[[பகுப்பு:1918 நிகழ்வுகள்]]