பணகுடி: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு
உள்ளடக்கம் நீக்கப்பட்டது உள்ளடக்கம் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது
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வரிசை 1:
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! header 3'''தடித்த எழுத்துக்கள்'''
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|}{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
நகரத்தின் பெயர் = பணகுடி |
latd = | longd = |
வரி 34 ⟶ 47:
[[pt:Panagudi]]
[[vi:Panagudi]]
gzFbjy tuyhW
gzFb-Xh; mwpKfk;
Kd;Diu:
ghz;bauJ jiyefuk; kJiu MFk;.rpw;wurfspilNa Vw;gl;l Mjpf;f Nghl;bapd; tpisthf rpwpJ fhyk; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; tlf;fpy; tpUJefu;,njw;fpy; fd;dpahFkup khtl;lKk;,fpof;fpy; Jj;Jf;Fb khtl;lKk;Nkw;fpy; Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiyAk; vy;iyahf mike;Js;sJ.,r;rpwg;G ngw;w jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; mike;j Cu;jhd; gzFb.,t;t+u; ,uhjhGuk; jhYfhit rhu;e;jJ.,t;t+u; fhrp Kjy; fd;dpahFku tiu cs;s Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; fd;dpahFkupf;F tlf;Nf 30fp.kP njhiytpYk; jpUney;Ntypapy; ,Ue;J 52fp.kP njhiytpYk; mike;j NgUu; rpwg;G kpf;f Cu; MFk;. ,t;T+upy; rpwg;G kpf;f =.,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;khs; Nfhtpy; cs;sJ.
gzFb – Xh; tuyhw;Wg; ghh;it
jpUney;Ntypapy; ,Ue;J fd;dpahFkhpf;F nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapy; Rkhh; 52 fp.kP njhiytpy; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ gzFb . gzFb ngah; gyifia fle;J Chpd; cs;Ns EioAk; NghJ midj;J kf;fisAk; Ch;jpfisAk; vjph;nfhz;L tuNtw;gth; “Nkhh; Fbj;jhd; gps;isahh;” Mthh;.
mth; tuNtw;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;L rhiyapd; tisdtf; fle;J cs;Ns Eioe;jhy; mofpa njg;gf;FsKk; nghpa NfhtpYk; fz;fSf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; gzFbia fle;J nry;gth;fs; rhiyapy; mUfpy; mike;Js;s ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghspd; jhprdj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nry;gth;fs;.
gzFbapy; ,e;Jf;fs;, fpwp];jth;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fs; Nghd;w kjj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; gy rhjp kf;fSk; tho;fpd;wdh; Mdhy; mth;fspilNa rhjpr;rz;il ,kjr;rz;il Vw;gltpy;iy ,th;fs; midtUk; gzFbapy; Xw;WikAld; tho;fpd;wdh; .
gzFb ngaHf; fhuzk;:
gzFb vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; gy fUj;Jf;fis $Wfpd;wdu;.gzFbapYk; mjd; Rw;W Gwq;fspYk; ‘ghzu;fs;’ vd;w jho;j;jg;gl;l ,dkf;fs; mjpfkhf tho;e;j fhuzj;jhy; ,t;t+u; “ghzu;Fb” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.gpd;du; “gzFb” vd;whapw;W vd;ghu;fs;.,d;ndhU rhuhu; gidkuf;fhLfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy; gidj;njhopy; ,g;gFjpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ vd;Wk; mjdhy; ‘gidf;Fb’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;L gpd;du; “gzFb” vd;W kUtpajhfTk; fUJfpwhu;fs;.
Mq;fpNyau;fs; gzFbf;F tUtjw;F Kd;G gzFb ‘cj;jkghz;baGuk;’ vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau;fs; Ml;rpapd;NghJ jahupf;fg;gl;ll tUtha;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd tiugl Mtzq;fspy ,t;t+u; Mq;fpyj;jpy; PANAGUDIvd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.gpw;fhyj;jpy; gzFb vd;whapw;W.
gzFbia Kuj;j ehL vd;Wk; miog;ghu;fs;.,r;nra;jp RrPe;jpuk; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gzFb kf;fs;:
gzFapb ntt;NtW gphpdt Nrh;e;j kf;fs; tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;. ehlhh;, gpuhkzh;, nrl;bah; ,it\;zt Mrhhp itrhnts;shsh;, ahjth; Kjypahh;, kPdth,; K];]Pk; Nghd;w gphpdt rhh;e;j kf;fs; xw;Wikahf tho;fpd;whh;fs;.
gzFb Gtpapay; mikg;G
jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; njd; gFjpapy; ts;spa+h;f;F mLj;jg;gbahf mike;Js;s xU gFjp gzFb. jpUthq;$h; khepyj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd gFjpahf fd;dpahFkhp, Njhthis, mf];jP];tuk;, fy;Fsk;, tpstq;NfhL jhYfh Mfpa gFjpfs; mlq;fpapUe;jd jpUthq;$hpd; tlgFjpapy; 30 fP.kP njhiytpy; jpUney;NtypAk; mike;Js;sJ.
gzFbia Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfs; fye;jgid jstha;Guk; Nuh];kpahGuk; Gz;zpathsd;Guk;, nyg;igFbapUg;G, G\;gtdk; jz;ilahh;Fsk;, rptfhkpGuk; Kjypa gFjpfs; mlf;fpAs;sd gzFb ,uhjhGuk; jhYfhdt rhh;e;jJ.
fhy epiy
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gzFb gFjpapy; vg;NghJk; ntg;gkhf ,Uf;Fk; fhuzk; ,J xU ntg;g gpuNjrk; MFk;. gzFbapy; khh;r; Kjy; Nk tiu ntapy; fhyk; MFk;. gzFbapy; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gzFb ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lkhd xU gFjp ,e;j #o;epiyapy; kf;fs; kfpor;rpahf tho;fpd;wdh;
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; xU Mz;Lf;F 253.6 kio nga;fpwJ mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; [dthp tiuf;Fk; gzFbapy; ey;y kio nga;fpwJ.
,dq;fs;:
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb gzFbapy; nkhj;jk; 55100 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; tho;fpd;whh;fs; mjpy;26910 Mz;fSk; 28181 ngz;fSk; tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;.
gpuhkzh;;, ehlhh;;, Mjpjpuhtplh; ,nrl;bah;, ahjth;, it\;zt Mrhhp irt nts;shsh;, Njth; K];yPk;, Kjypahh; Nghd;w gy;NtW ,dj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fs; tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;.
gzFb Nghd;W jpUney;Ntypapd; kw;w gFjpapYk; ,Nj Nghd;W tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs.; NkYk; %g;gdhh;, Nrhoh;, kPdth;; ,fhl;L ehaf;fd; Nghd;W kf;fSk; gzFbapy; tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;
njhopy; tsk;:
tptrhak;:
gzFbia ngWj;jtiuapy; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; tptrhak; MFk;. Fhyepiy ntg;gkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,g;gFjpapy; ePh; gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;sJ. gzFbapy; Mw;W ePh;ghrdk; Fsj;J ePh;ghrdk; KiwapYk; tptrhak; nra;jdh;. Jl;gntl;g epiyahdJ $Ljy; ntg;gepiy 107o ghud;`Pl; Giwthd ntg;gepiy 64.9 o ghud; `Pl;lhf cs;sJ. etPd Nkhl;lhh;fs; %yk; fpzw;wpy; ,Ue;J ePiug; ngWfpd;wKiwAk; mLj;J Vw;wk; ,iwj;jy; KiwAk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
kz;tsj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; %d;W tpjkhf gphpf;fyhk; mit 1.nrk;kz 2.fspkz; 3.tz;ly;kz; .gzFbapd; tljpirapy; fhpry;kz; njd;jpirapy; nrk;kz;Zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F nrk;kz;Zk; fhpry; kz;Zk; mjpfk; cs;s epyg;gFjpahf fhzg;gLtjhy; tptrhak; Kf;fpa njhopyhf tpisnghUshf cs;sJ. o
,q;F new;gaph; mjpfk; tpisr;ry; MfpwJ NkYk; IPd; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiuapYk; mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiuapYk; ney; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F ePh;ghrdk; mDkhd; ejpapy; ,Ue;Jk; Fsj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; fpilf;fpwJ. NkYk; ,g;gFjpapy; Nrhsk; Nfo;tuF kpsF njd;id fha;fwp thio gid Nghd;witAk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ.
gzFbapy; nrk;kz;Zk; fspkz;Zk; mjpfk; fpilg;gjy; nrq;fs; R+isfSf;Fk; xL njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fk; Kf;fpa %yg;nghUshf kz;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.,j;njhopy; ,q;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpwJ. o
1.mDkhd; ejp
gzFbapy; cs;s mDkhd; MW kpfTk; rpwg;ghf fUjg;gLfpwJ.jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; rpwg;G ngw;w = ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rpthfkp mk;ghs; jpUf;Nfhtpy; gzFbapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mDkhd; ejpapd; mUhfikapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j mDkhd; ejpapd; %yk; gzFbapy; tptrhak; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpwJ. ,jdhy; gzFb rpwg;G ngw;w Cuhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. o
2.rpW njhopy;fs;
gzFbia nghWj;jtiuapy; njhopy;fSk; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wJ. gzFbapy; cs;s mjpfkhd ngz;fs; gPb Rw;Wfpwhh;fs;. NkYk; $il Kiljy; RUl;L Rw;Wjy; nrq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy; CL njhopw;r;rhiyfs; Nghd;w njhopy;fSk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. o
3.njhopw;rhiyfs;:
gzFbia nghWj;jtiuapy; tptrhaj;ij jtpu gpw njhopy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mjpy; Kf;fpakhd njhopy; XL jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; nrq;fy; jahhpj;jy; MFk;. ,j;njhopypy; Vuhskhd kf;fs; <Lgl;L jq;fSila mbg;gil Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
,q;F Vuhskhd xLfs; kw;Wk; nrq;fy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L ntspaplq;fSf;Fk; ntspA+h;fSf;Fk; NtW khepyq;fSf;Fk; mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. ,ijj; jtpu gy tpjkhd kpy;YfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fk; Vuhskhd kf;fs; <Lgl;L jq;fspd; mj;jpahtrpa Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs;
rpWnjhopy;fs;
,ijj; jtpu rpWnjhopy;fshf jq;f eif nra;jy; kur;rhkhd;fs; nra;jy; jl;lr;R kz;ghid nra;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; eilngWfpd;wJ.
fhrp Kjy; fd;dpahFkhpf;F nry;Yk; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhiy ,e;j gzFb topahfj; jhd; nry;fpw. ,ijj; gzFbf;F mLj;j Cuhd fye;jgidfs; [hdfp fhl;ld; kpy; cs;sJ ,e;j kpy;ypYk; mjd; Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s Vuhskhd kf;fs; Ntiy nra;fpwhh;fs;
rh;Nthja rq;fk;
mLj;J gzFbapy; rpwg;G ngw;wjhf rh;Nthja rq;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,q;F gy tpjkhd jhahhpg;Gfs; eilngWfpd;wd. kur;rhkd;fs; Nrhg;G nrUg;G Njd; CJgj;jpfs; jiyaid Nghd;w ,ju nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
re;ij trjp
gzFbapy; kpfg; nghpa re;ij cs;sJ ,r;re;ij ; ikag;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sjhy; Rw;W tl;lhu Ch;fshd tlf;fd;Fsk; Fk;gpsk;ghL
fye;jgid ghk;gd;Fsk; Nuh];kpahGuk; jstha; Guk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; te;J nghUl;fis thq;fp nry;fpd;whh;fs;
rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk; xd;whd gj;Jghl;L E}y; ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jfhl;lhFk; ,e;E}ypy; G+k;Gfhh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; xU nghpa re;ij ,Ue;jJ me;j re;ijapy; ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J kf;fs; nghUl;fis thq;fpr; nry;y tUthh;fs; G+k;Gfhh; re;ijia Nghd;Nw ,e;j gzFb re;ijAk; rpwg;G ngw;W ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. jw;NghJ ,e;j re;ijapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; khjk;NjhWk; gzFb Njh;T epiy Ng&uhl;rpf;F nrhe;jkhdJ MFk;. ,jDila tUkhdj;ij gzFb cs;s ntz;lh;fs; t#ypg;ghh;fs;
,q;Fs;s kf;fs; ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Vuhskhd nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwhh;fs; tj;jy;, G+z;L;, ntq;fhak;;, goq;fs; fha;fwpfs;,; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; ,e;j re;ijapy; fpilf;fpwd. jpde;NjhWk; re;ij eilngWfpwJ thu re;ijAk; eilngWfpwJ ,ijj; jtpu khl;Lr; re;ijAk; kPd;re;ijAk; cs;sJ.
ahjth; rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fSk; nrl;bahh; rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fSk; gzFb re;ijiaAk; ftdpf;fpd;whh;fs; 19k; Ew;whz;bypUeNj gzFbahdJ xU kpfg; nghpa fpuhkkhf rpwg;G ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ
Nghf;Ftuj;J
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp jpUney;Ntypf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dh; ,q;F rhjhuz kz;rhiyfs; Nghlg;glbUe;jd ,e;j rhiyfSk; rhpahf elg;gl;bUe;jd gpd;dh; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rpapd; NghJ rhiyfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
kJiu ehaf;fh;fspd; Ml;rpd; NghJ ,Ue;j ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; gzFbapy; rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld ,jdhy; mr;rhiy kq;fk;khs; rhiy vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ gzFbapy; Muk;guj;jpy; ; kq;fk;khs; rhiy kl;Lk; jhd; ,Ue;jJ gzFb Kjy; ts;spA+h; topahf nry;yf;$ba rhiy ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpy; Kd;dhy; nry;fpwJ ,J Muk;gj;jpy; kz; rhiy Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Njrpa neLQ;rhiiyapd; topahfj; jhd; jpUney;Ntyp ehfh;Nfhtpy; jpUtde;jGuk; kw;Wk; nrd;id Nghd;w efh;fSf;F nry;Yk; NgUe;Jfs; nry;fpd;wd kw;w NgUe;Jfs;; iggh]; topahf nry;fpd;wd.
gzFbapy; xU nghpa NgUe;J epiyak; cs;sJ ,q;F jhd; ehfh;Nfhtpy; jpUney;Ntypf;F nry;Yk; kf;fSk; ntspA+f;F nry;Yk; kf;fSk; ,e;j NgUe;J epiyak; te;Jjhd; NgUe;J Vwp nry;fpd;wdh;.
gzFbapy; ,Ue;J Nghf;Ftuj;J jtpu ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; cs;sJ. 1903-k; E}w;whz;by; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Muk;gpf;fgl;lJ .rh;Nt fzf;Fgb ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ehd;FNehp jhYfh Kjy;jpUthq;$h; tiu ,jd; vy;iy ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; jpUney;Ntyp Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiu gzFb ehfh;Nfhtpy; topahf ,Ug;Gg;ghij mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
gFjp-2
rka epiy
gzFbapy; cs;s kf;fs; gytpjkhd kjj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; ,k;kf;fs; gytpjkhd flTistopgLfpwhh;fs;. ,e;J kjj;ij nghUj;jtiu mjpfkhfdkf;fs; tho;fpwhh;fs;. ,jpy; irth;fS;k; itzth;fSk; cs;sdh; NkYk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fpwp];jt kjj;ij nghUj;jtiuapy; fj;Njhypf;fh;fs; GNuhl;l];z;Lfs; nge;NjNfh];Rfs; vd;w gphptpdh;fSk; cs;sdh; rpy K];yPk;fs; cUJ nkhop NgRfpd;wdh; ,th;fs; gl;lhzp K];;]Pk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh; jkpo; nkhop NgRk; K];;]Pkfs; nyg;ig vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;
,g;gFjp ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; jiyefuhf rpWJ fhyk; ,Ue;jJ 1970 nrg;lk;gh; 1-y; Mq;fpNyauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjp gpw;fhyj;jpy; 1986-y; jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; Jj;Jf;Fb vd;Dk; ,U khtl;lq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ ,t;t+h; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpf; tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f gFjpfspy; xd;W MFk; ,t;t+h; fy;tp mwpT ngw;w gFjpahf cs;sJ.
II .gzFbf;Fk; ,uhkhazj;Jf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G:
,uhkhazKk; kfhghujKk; fhg;gpaq;fs; fhyk; MFk;.,uhkhazj;Jf;Fk;>kfhghujj;Jf;Fk; njhlu;G cs;sjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.NkYk; ,uhkDk; mDkhDk; gzFbapd; =,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;khs; Nfhtpypd; Kd; ,Ue;jjhf xU fij $wg;gLfpwJ.,J cz;ikah>ngha;ah vd;W njupatpy;iy.,uhku; ,uhNk];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;j yl;Rkzid ghu;f;f gzFbapy; ,Ue;J nrd;wjhf tha;nkhop $w;W $wg;gLfpwJ.,f;$w;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,uhkhazk; gzbAld; njhlu;GilaJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; tlehl;Lf;Fk;>njd;dhl;Lf;Fk; cwT cs;sJ vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.,jdhy; gzFbapy; cs;s =,uhkypq;f Rthkpia Nrhl;lh ehuhazd; vd;W tlehl;ltu;fs; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;.rq;f E}yhdJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ghzu;fs; ahfu; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ vd;W nrhy;fpwhu;fs;.ghz;ba ehl;by; cs;s Vo;ikahd kf;fSf;F ghzu; gupR nghUshf nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.,g;gb ghz;bau;fshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghzu; jhd; gzFb vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.,uhkhazj;Jf;Fk;>gzFbf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ghdJ jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.mDkhd; ejp gzFbapy; gha;tjd; fhuzkhf mq;Fs;s kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpAld; tho;fpd;wdu;.,J xU fl;Lf;fij my;y.tuyhw;wpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l cz;ik MFk;.
mDkd; ejp:
rPijia kPl;fr; nrd;w ,uhkgpuhd; mq;F eilngw;w Nghupy; vz;zw;w tPuh;fs; ,wf;fNt mth;fSf;F capUl;Lk; nghUl;L mjw;Fupa %ypifia nfhz;Ltu mDkhid gzpj;jjhfTk;>Kypif Njb Kypif kiyf;Fte;j mDkhd; %ypifapd; ngaiu kwe;jjhy; kPz;Lk; Kypif ngaiu Nfl;Ltu ,yq;if nry;y Ntz;ba ,f;fl;lhd epiyiaczu;e;J jd; rkNahfpj Gj;jpahy; %ypif kiyiaNa ngau;j;JvLj;J nrd;wjhfTk; ,uhkhazk; $WfpwJ.
mDkhd; ngau;j;J vLj;Jr; nrd;w kiy vJ vd;w tpdhTf;F tpil Njbdhy; gyu; guthW $Wfpwhu;fs;.fd;dpahFkup khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s kUe;Jtho; kiyNa m/J vd;fpwhu;fs;.kUe;Jtuo;kiy vd;w ngah; kl;Lk; nfhz;L mt;thW KbT nra;tijtpl kiyiag; ngah;j;Jr; nrd;w fhyj;jpy; mDkhDila thy; jiuapy; ,Oj;jgb nrd;wjhy; Vw;gl;l topNa (top vd;why; MW vd;gJ nghUs;) gzFb kiyapypUe;J cw;gj;jp MFk; mDkhd; ejp MFk;. Mfnt gzFbapd; nkw;nf cs;s kNfe;jpufpupna mDkhd; ngau;j;njLj;Jr; nrd;w kiy vd;W fUj ,lk; vw;gLfpwJ.
Kiyapy; ,Ue;J mDkhDila thy; ,Oj;J nrd;w ,lk; ehshtl;lj;jpy; Mwhf khwpaJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mDkhd; ejp ePu; gzFbapd; tptrhaj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. mDkhd; ejpapd; Mw;W ePu; jz;ilahu;Fsk;> ngUq;Fb> rhj;jhd;Fsk;> ntg;gpyhq;Fsk;> Nghd;w Rw;wpAs;s CHfSf;F gha;fpwJ. gpd;du; ,uhjhGuk; nrl;bFsk; topahf tq;fhs tpupFlh flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
Fj;jugh[hd; mUtp:
mDkhd; kNfe;jpufpup kiyapypUe;J %ypif kiyiaf; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Fj;ju gha;e;J nfhz;L nrd;whu;.mg;NghJ cUthd mUtp Fj;jugh[hd;.,t;tUtp Fj;ju gha;e;jjhy; Fj;jugh[hd; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mUtpapy; 1974 Mk; Mz;L Mye;Jizahu; miz xd;W fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kiof; fhyq;fspy; ,q;F mjpf ePu; tUk;. mjdhy; ,t;T+u; kpfTk; nropg;ghf cs;sJ. gzFbAk; njd;fhrpAk; xd;WNghy; cs;s ,lk; vd;W Mq;fpNyau; $wpAs;sdH.tPugz;bad;Fsk;> jstha;Guk; Nghd;w 34 Fsq;fSf;F ,e;j midf;fl;by; ,Ue;J jz;zPu; jpwe;J tplg;gLfpwJ.,e;j jz;zPH %yk; 1121 n`f;NlH epyq;fs; tpisr;ry; ngWfpd;wd. ,Wjpahf ,uhjhGuk; topahf nrd;W flypy; fyf;fpwJ. Fj;jugh[hd; mUtp &.1285 yl;rk; nrytpy; Rw;Wyh jykhf khw;w muR eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ.
kNfe;jpufpup kiyapd; rpwg;G:
Nkw;Fnjhlh;r;rp kiyapd; xU gFjp jhd; kNfe;jpufphp kiy MFk;.,e;j kiyapy; gy;NtW tifahd Gz;zpa jPh;j;jq;fs;>Gz;zpa ghjq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.,k;kiyapy; rpj;jh;fs; ,d;Wk; gtdp tUfpd;whu;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;whu;fs;.
kNfe;jpufphp kiyapy; rptngUkhd; Ie;J Kfq;fSld; md;id rptfhkpf;F Ntj Mfkq;fis vLj;J mUspdhh; vd;gJk; mk;Gifahdts; epjj;ij jd; jiytDf;F vLj;J tpsf;fpdhh; vd;gJk; Guhzk; MFk;.,jid jpUthrfj;jpy; “fPh;j;jp jpUmfty;” vd;Dk; gjpfj;jpy; khzpf;fthrf ngUkhd; mUspAs;shh;.,e;j ,lj;ij “jha;ghjk;” vd;W mioj;J [hdk; Ntz;b nry;fpd;wdu;.
tpZtpd; Ie;jhtJ mtjhukhd thkd mtjhuj;jpy; kfhftp rf;uth;j;jp kNfe;jpufphp kj;jpy; Nfs;tp elj;jp nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ tp Z gfthd; fhy; Cd;wpa ,lk; tp Z ghjk; vd;Wk; ,jd;mUfpy; ghjjPh;j;jk; cs;sJ.,ij ek;gp cyh vd;Dk; E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
mDkhd; rPjhgpuhl;bia Njl njd;jpiria Nehf;fp Gwg;gLk; NghJ mq;fjd;>[hk;gthd; KjyhNdhh; kNfe;jpufphpapy; jd;id re;jpf;Fk;gb kw;w tPuh;fsplk; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;.,e;j nra;jp fp fpe;jh fhz;lj;jpy; 831-k; ghlyhf tUfpwJ.,t;thW irtUk; itztUk; cU kdjhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,e;j kiyia ,e;jpud; ehs;NjhUk; topgl;L te;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
gFjp – 5
nghUshjhu epiy
nghUshjhuk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; ciog;G tho;f;if juj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. nghUshjhuj;ij nhgWj;jtiuapy; mjpf tUkhdk; tptrhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ. gzFbapy; Vuhskhd njhopy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;fis khjphp ngz;fSk; coif;fpd;wdh;. XL jahhpj;jy;, gPb Rw;Wjy,; khL tsh;g;G, ngz;fs; Raj;njhopy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; eilngw;wd. RacjtpFOf;fspd; %yk; ngz;fs; jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUl;fist pw;W nhUs; <l;Lk; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F tptrhak; Kf;fpa njhopy; MFk;.
tptrhak;
tptrhakhdJ gy;NtW Kiwfspy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. Fsw;Wghrdk; fpzw;Wghrdk; %ykhf gaph;fs; tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rpykf;fs; 350 mbf;Fk; fPo; cs;s fpzw;wps; ePiu ePh; Njf;f njhl;bapy; epug;gp me;j jz;zPh; %yk; gapiu tpistpjjdh;. Rpy tptrhapfs; G+f;fisAk; gaph;nra;jdh;. Ne;j G+f;fis gwpj;J gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;f$ba fhty;fpzW kw;Wk; Njhthisapy; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdh; 1. ney;iy nghWj;jtiuapy; nhd;dp mhprp mjpfk; gaph; nra;jdh;. NkYk; tj;jy; Nrhsk; Nfo;tuF Nghd;w gaph;fisAk; gaphpl;ldh;. 2
Rhik tuF gUj;jp Nghd;w gaphplg;gl;ld. MdhYk; kf;fs; mjpfk; ney;iyNa gaphpl;ldh;. I.Mh;.50 36 38 Nhd;w uf gaph;fSk; tpistpf;fg;gl;ld. ,J %d;W khj gaph;fs; MFk; ,ijj; jtpu thio Nghd;w gaph;fSk; gaphplg;gl;ld. Thiof;fhia fhty;fpzW tpyf;F kw;Wk; ehfh;NfhtpYf;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;ghh;fs; 3
¬
1. Neh;fhzy; gftjpNf\d; G+tpahghp gzFb Njjp : 15.01.2010
2. Neh;fhzy; S.K.fNzrd; tptrhap gzFb Njjp : 18.01.2010
3. Neh;fhzy; P..ek;gp tptrhap gzFb Njjp : 18.01.2010
njhopw;rhiyfs;
kz;tsj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; %d;W tpjkhf gphpf;fyhk; mit 1.nrk;kz;, 2.fspkz;, 3.tz;ly;kz;, .gzFbapd; tljpirapy; fhpry;kz;Zk,;; njd;jpirapy; nrk;kz;Zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyepiyapy; gzFb ntg;g gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjhYk; nrq;fy; xL njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs; fpilg;gjhYk; ,q;F ,j;njhopy; rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ. ,j;njhopw;rhiyapd; %yk; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ.
nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiy
gzFbapy; 1951-k; Mz;bypUe;J nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiy njhlq;fpaJ. ,J KOtJk; jdpahh;f;Nf nrhe;jkhdJ MFk.; jw;NghJ gzFbapy;100 Uf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nrq;fy; #isfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nrq;fy; #isapy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; rpWth;fSk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; kpfTk; tWikahd FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;. ,th;fs; ,j;njhopiyNa ek;gp tho;fpd;wdh;. ,j,njhopy; %yk; jd; md;whl Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. 4
jw;NghJ Xhprh, gPfhh; Nghd;w rpW njhopy; ,y;yhj khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; gzFbapy; nrq;fy; #isapy; Ntiy ghh;f;fpd;whh;fs;.
nrq;fy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw :
kz;tiffs;
fspkz;, tz;ly;kz;, FWkz; Nghd;w kz;fs; nrq;fYf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. fspkz girf;fhfTk; tz;ly;kz; nkJthf ,Ug;gjh;f;Fk; FWkz; fyitahf khWtjw;f;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
kz; fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs;:
; fspkz; gzFb Fsj;jpYk; tz;ly;kz; ehd;FNehp Fsj;jpYk; FWkzyhdJ Rw;WGwj;jpYs;s Fsq;fspypUe;J kzy; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ;5
4. Neh;fhzy; R.M.S.N[k;]; njhopy; mjpgh; gzFb Njjp : 21.01.2010
5. Neh;fhzy; S. uh[h, nrq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb Njjp : 21.01.2010
kz; fyit tpfpjk;
fspkz; 1 gq;F
tz;ly;kz; 1 gq;F
FWkzy; 2 gq;F
Nrh;j;J jz;zPh; Cw;wp fye;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kWehs; me;j kz;iz kz;ntl;bapd; cjtpAld; thhp mjid fhyhy; kpjpj;J Fiof;f Ntz;Lk;.;. 6
nrq;fy; nra;Ak; Kiw
fy; mWf;Fk; fUtpapd; ngsh; gpNuk; ,J %d;W miwfis nfhz;lJ. %d;W my;yJ ehd;F gf;fk; milf;fg;gl;L ,uz;L gf;fk; jpwe;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gpNuk; 3 fp.Nyh vil cilaJ. ,g;gpNukpy; kz;iz cUz;ilahf vLj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; mk;kz;iz rkepug;ghf;fp rkepug;ghd Njhpkzy; gug;gpa ,lj;jpy; ,g;gpNuik vLj;Jf; nhz;L Ngha; jpwe;j gFjpapy jiuapy; gLkhW fkj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; gpNuik vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; mk;kz; mofhd nrq;fyhf ,Uf;Fk;. 7
gpd;dh; mr;nrq;fiy mjpf ntapy;glhky; fha itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mjd; kPJ njd;id Xiyia Nghl Ntz;Lk;. Mjd; <uj;jd;ik khwpaTld; Xiyia vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gpd;dh; mjid 3 fy; cauj;jpy; Nghh; fl;l Ntz;Lk;. 3 fy; Nghh; vd;why; nkhj;jk; 6 nrq;fy; mjd; nkhj;j vil 24 fpNyh MFk;. ,f;fy; Nyrhf fha;e;jTld; xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf itj;J Nghh;fl;l Ntz;Lk;. Nrq;fy; ed;whf fha;e;jTld; ml;bBghl Ntz;L;k;.gpd;dh; ,r;nrq;fiy $yp Ml;fs; %yk; mLf;fp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. 8
.
6. Neh;fhzy; P.Kj;JfpU\zd; nrq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb Njjp : 21.01.2010
7. Neh;fhzy; P.ngfUkhs; nrq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb Njjp : 22.01.2010
8. Neh;fhzy; M.Ngh];Nf nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh; ; gzFb Njjp : 24.01.2010
Ntiy nra;gth;fs;:
gzFbapy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiy MFk;. rpWth;fs; Kjy; nghpath;fs; tiuAk; MZk; ngz;Zkhf Ntiyr; nra;fpd;wdh; ,j;njhopw;rhiyapy; Rkhk; 500f;F Nkw;gl;lth;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;
gs;sp fy;Yhp gbf;Fk; khzt khztpfs; jq;fspd; tpLKiwf; fhyq;fspy; ,j;njhopw;rhiyf;F nrd;W Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. Mz;fSf;F xU ehisf;F Cjpakhf & 120 toq;fg;gLk;. ngz;fSf;F xU ehisf;F & 75 toq;fg;gLk; rpWth;fSf;F xU ehisf;F & 50 tof;fg;gLk;. ,e;j gzj;ij itj;J jq;fspd; md;whlj; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;J nfs;Sfpd;wdh;.
nrq;fis RLjy;:
nrq;fy; R+isapy; mLf;fg;gLk; nrq;’fiy mLg;gpd; cauk’ tiu mLf;fg;gLfpwJ. nrq;fy; fyg;ghfTk; cg;Gr; nrq;fy; neUf;fkhfTk; mLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. gpd;dh; R+isapd; mLg;gpy; tpwFfs; Ngl;L jPaplg;gLk;. nrq;fy; RLtjw;F Njitahd R+l;lpd; msT 8000 Kjy; 8500 NghJkhdJ MFk;.mjpfkhf jPapl;lhy; nrq;fy; cUfp fpl;lkhf khwptpLk; mjdhy; jPia Njitahd msNt Nghl Ntz;Lk; ed;whf nrq;fy; R+Nlwtpy;iy vd;why; Gifg;gl;L fUg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j fy;iy mLj;j Kiw fy;RLk; NghJ mLf;fp jPaplNtz;Lk;
gpd;dh; R+isia gphpg;ghh;fs; nrq;fiy jdpahf mLf;Fthh;fs; mg;NghJ ey;y nrq;fy; fopT nrq;fy; vd;W ,uz;L gFjpahf gphpg;ghh;fs;. ey;y nrq;fy; Kjy; jukhd nrq;fy; & 2.50 f;F tpw;fg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; jukhd nrq;fy; & 2 f;F tpw;fg;gLk;. %d;whk; jukhd nrq;fy; & 1.50 f;F tpw;fg;gLk;.10
9 Neh;fhzy; : V.jkpo;thzd;, V.T.nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh;, gzFb, Njjp :24.01.2010
10 Neh;fhzy; : M.tpf;lh; S.M.V. nrq;fy; cw;j;jpahsh;, gzFb Njjp : 25.01.2010
nrq;fy; tpw;gid :
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nrq;fy; ntsp Ch;fSf;Fk; ntsp khtl;lj;jpw;f;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpwJ Kf;fpakhf jpUney;Ntyp nrd;id ehfh;Nfhtpy; Nghd;w ntspkhepyq;fSf;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.11
rYiffs ;:
nrq;fy; R+isapy; Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw Nghd]; njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpfkhf Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F Cf;f njhifAk; toq;FtJ cz;L tajhdthfSf;F jpdKk; gb toq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpRthrkhf Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F ,ytr tPL toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tPLfspy; ,Ug;gth;fs; FLk;gk; FLk;gkhf nrq;fy; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.12
XL njhopw;rhiy :
gzFbia nghWj;jtiuapy; ey;y tUkhdk; juf;$ba njhopw;rhiyapy; ,j;njhopyhy; Vuhskhdth;fSf;F Ntiy fpilf;fpwJ;
kz;tiffs; :
fspkz; rptg;Gkz; FWkz; Nghd;w kz; xL jahhpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. girf;fhfTk; rptg;Gkz; nkUJthf ,Ug;gjw;f;Fk; FWkz; fyitahf khw;w gad;gLfpwJ.13;
xL nra;Ak; Kiw :
1 mb rptg;G kz; 1mn fspkz; 11/2 mb FWkz; Nghd;w kz;id xU njhl;bapy; %d;W ehs;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt Nghl;L jz;zPh;
11 Neh;fhzy; : R.M.S. N[k;]; R.M.S nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh;, gzFb Njjp : 25.01.2010
12 Neh;fhzy; : V.jkpo;thz;, V.T. nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpahsh;, gzFb Njjp : 24.01.2010
13 Neh;fhzy; : jq;fg;gd; R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth;, gzFb Njjp : 25.01.2010
Cw;wp fyitahf khw;w Ntz;Lk;; gp;d;dh; ehd;fhtJ ehs; ,k;kziy vLj;J gf;kpy; vdg;gll ,ae;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; ed;F miuf;f Ntz;Lk;. Miuj;j kz;iz nrt;tf tbtkhf gphpj;J vLf;f Ntz;Lk; mk;kz;iz gth;gps]; vd;w ,ae;jpuj;jpy; Nghl Ntz;Lk; mjd;gpd; ,e;j gth;gps];rpy; Ntg;gvz;nza kz;nzz;ia Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk; ,e;j vz;nza; mk;kzYld; Nrh;e;J fye;J xlhf mr;rplg;gLfpwJ mr;rplg;gll xil xU ml;bapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk; gpd;dh; xl;bd; msTf;F Vw;g mWg;G vd;w fj;jpia itj;J mWf;f Ntz;Lk;.14;
xL mLf;Fk; Kiw:
ml;bapy; itf;fg;gl;l xil 20 mb cauk; cs;s ghe;jpd; kPJ mLf;F mLf;fhf itj;J fha itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xil fhaitf;Fk; NghJ mjpf fhw;Nwhl;lKk; ntapYk; ,y;yhj xU miwapDs; itj;jpUg;gJ ghJfhg;ghdJ MFk;. mjw;F gjpyhf ntapypNyh fhw;Nwhl;lkhd gFjpapNyh gr;ir xil fhaitj;jhy; xL ntbj;J tise;J NghFk; epiy Vw;gLk;.
fha itj;j xil ghe;jpypUe;J [e;J ehl;fSf;F gpwF kWgf;fk; Gul;b itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf xL xU khj fhyk; tiu ghe;jpNyNa fha itf;f Ntz;Lk; gpd;dh; xil ghe;jpypUe;J vLj;J mLf;fhf mLf;fp itg;gh; R+isapy; itj;J jP NghLtjw;fhf.15
R+isapy; jPapLjy; :
xU khjk; fopj;J xil R+isapy; 15 Ngh; Nrh;e;J mLf;Fthh;fs; mt;thW mLf;Fk; NghJ %d;W %d;W xlhf itj;J ,ilntsp tpl;L 15 xL cauk; tiu mLf;Fthh;fs; xU R+isapy; 1500 xL tiu mLf;fg;gLk;. R+isapd; mLg;Gfspy; %d;W ehl;fs; KOtJk; jP NghlNtz;Lk;. gpd;dh; ehd;fhtJ ehspy; R+isapy; 20ld; tpwif xNu ehspy; vhpf;f Ntz;Lk; [e;jhk; ehspw;F R+isapy;
14 Neh;fhzy; : KUfd; R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth, gzFb Njjp : 25.10.2010
15 Neh;fhzy; : G. [hd;rd; My;gl; D.J.N xL njhopw;rhiyapd; chpikahsh; gzFb, Njjp: 26.10.2010
R+L MWtjw;f;fhf Ngd; Nghlg;gl;L #L ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. gpd;dh; R+is gphpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpd;dh; ey;y xL fopT xL vd;W gphpg;ghh;fs;. ey;y xLfis jdpahf vLj;J mLf;fp itg;ghh;fs;. ,t;xLfs; gy ,lq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpwJ.16
xLfspd; tiffs; :
8x8,9x9 vd;w mstpy; xLfs; fhzg;gLk; xLfis [e;J tifahf gphpf;fyhk;. Mit GifxL, jiuxL, $iuxL, Nkhl;L xL, fz;zhb xL Mfpad MFk;.17
Ntiy nra;gth;fs; :
xL njhopw;rhiyapy; rpWth; Kjy; nghpath; tiu Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh; ,e;j xL njhopw;rhiyia nghWj;jtiu Mz;fis tpl ngz;fNs mjpfk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. Rkhh; 3000 Ngh;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. gs;sp fy;Yhp khzth;fs; jq;fspd; md;whl Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,j;njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiyr; nra;Ak; Mz;fSf;F & 140 Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLk;. ngz;fSf;F & 100 Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLk; rpWth;fSf;F & 70 Cjpakhf toq;fg;gLk;.18
rYiffs;
xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiyr; nra;Ak; FLk;gq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf tPLfl;b nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tPLfspy; kpd;rhu trjpAk; jz;zPh;; trjpAk; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw
16 Neh;fhzy; nry;tk;, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth;. gzFb. Njjp : 25.01.2010
17 Neh;fhzy; KUfd, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb : 25.01.2010
18 Neh;fhzy; nghd;dhj;jhs;, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth; gzFb,: 25.10.2010
Nghd]; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. jq;fsplk; Ntiy nra;gth;fspd; Foe;ijia gbf;fTk; itf;fpwhh;fs;.
fpwp];Jk];, nghq;fy; gz;bifapd; NghJ rpwg;Ggb toq;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw ,ytr kUj;Jt trjp nra;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gKfpwJ. tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw Ntiy Nra;gth;fSf;F Gj;jhil tiq;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw Rw;WyhTf;F eph;thfk; mioj;J nry;fpwJ.19
rhkpy;:
gzFbapy; nrq;fy; XL njhopw;rhiyf;F gpwF mjpf tUkhdk; juf;$baJ kumuitkpy; MFk;. rhkpy; vd;gJ kuk; mWf;Fk; fk;ngdp MFk;.
kuj;jpd; tiffs;
Ntg;gkuk; ,G+tuRkuk;, nfhLf;fhGopkuk,; Njf;Fkuk,; FthGy;kuk; khkuk; thifkuk; xlkuk; ntz;Njf;Fkuk; Gopakuk; Nghd;w kuq;fspd; %yk; kur;rhkhd;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ; mjhtJ Ntg;gkukj;jpy; ,Ue;J tPL epiyfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd;. kw;w kuq;fs; fl;by,; ngQ;R, NlGs;, ehw;fhyp ,[d;dy,; fjT Nghd;w tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs; nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ;20
kuk; mWf;Fk; Kiw :
kuk; mWf;f ,uz;L ,ae;jpuk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,ae;jpuk; rhkpy; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xd;W nghpa ,ae;jpuk; kw;nwhd;W rpwpa ,ae;jpuk; MFk.; nghpa ,ae;jpuj;jpd; Kd; xU jz;lthsk; cs;sJ. Mjd; kPJ buhyp tz;b epw;f;Fk; me;j tz;bapd; kPJ 5 mb caukuk; kw;Wk; 10 mb gUkd; cs;s kuj;ij itj;J nghpa rhkpy; Kd; js;sg;gLk;. mjd;gpwF mstpl;L kuk; mWf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dh; rpwpa rhkpy; %yk; mWf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; gyifia Njitf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp
19. Neh;fhzy; KUfd;, R.M.S. xL njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gth;. gzFb. Njjp : 25.01.2010
20. Neh;fhzy; re;jpud;;, R.M.S. rhkpy; buhyp tz;bjs;Sgth;; Ntiy nra;gth;. gzFb. Njjp : 25.01.2010
mikf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F Ngf;fh;Nkd; Nghh;Nkd; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;;. Nghh;Nkd; vd;why; buhyp tz;bia js;Sgth;fs; Ngf;fh;Nkd; vd;gth; kuf;fl;ilia vLf;f $bath;fs; ,q;F nkhj;jk; ehd;F NgH; kl;LNk Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.21
rhkpy;iy nghWj;jtiu gyh; nrhe;jkhf itj;Js;sdh;. 5f;F Nkw;gl;l rhkpy;fs; cs;sd. kuj;ij mWf;Fk; NghJ kuj;Js; fpilf;Fk; mij mLg;G vh;pf;f gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
gPb Rw;Wjy; :
gzFb kw;Wk; gzFbia Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkq;fis fye;jgid, ghk;gd; Fsk;, Kj;JrhkpGuk;, new;Q;rpfhyzp, Nwh];kpahGuk; Nghd;w Ch;fspy; gPb Rw;Wk; njhopy; Kf;fpa njhopyhf cs;sJ
nrhf;fyhy;, uhk;Nrl; gPb njhopw;rhiyapd; jiyikaplk; Kf;$lypy; mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,j;njhopw;rhiyapd; fp;isfs; jkpo; ehl;bd; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fspy; mike;Js;sJ.22;
,j;njhopy; rpWth; nghpath; tiu <LgLfpd;wdh;. gPb Rw;Wk; Kiw gPb ,iyia ntl;b mjpy; Gifapiy itj;J cUl;b Rw;wp Njq;fha; nel;bapd; %yk; mbj;j Jk;ig nfhz;L fl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf 50 tz;ly; 60 tz;ly; vd;W fl;b filapy; nfhLj;J ,iyAk; J}Sk; kWehs; gPb Rw;w thq;f tUthh;fs; khj filrpapy; fzf;F Kbf;fg;gLk;. fzf;F Kbe;jhy; kl;LNk rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 1000 gPbf;F 70& toq;fg;gLk;. mth;fspd; jpdrhp tUkhdk; 240& MFk;.23
rpy FLk;gfspy; MZk; ngz;Zk; gPb Rw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,jd; %yk; tUk; tUthia mQ;ryfk; %yk; Nrkpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j fk;ngd; gPb Rw;Wgthpd; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ngz;Zk; jpUkzk; eilnWk; NghJ xU rpwps njhifia Nyhdhf nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. jPghtsp nghq;fy; rkaj;jpy; gPb Rw;Wgth;fSf;F Nghd]; fpilf;fpwJ.
21. Neh;fhzy; MNuhf;fpa rhkp R.M.S. rhkpy; kuk; mWg;gth; gzFb Njjp : 26.01.2010
22. Neh;fhzy; K.S.K. Velmani(ed) Tamil Nadu State, Tirunelveli Dist Gazattera, Vol . I Chennai 2002 p-530
gzFb Njjp : 27.01.2010
23. Neh;fhzy; S.N.R. fUizah jhliurpq;fk; rpfh; epWtdj;jpd; chpikahsh; gzFb Njjp : 27.01.2010
NkYk; gPb Rw;Wgth;fSf;F ngd;rDk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW gPb Rw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ,jd; %yk; ey;y tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ.24
fhy; eilfis tsh;j;jy;
5% kf;fs; ahjt Fyj;ij rhh;jth;fs; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpj; njhopy; ML khL tsh;j;jy; MFk;. rpyh; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s tajhdth;fs; rpWth;fs; ML khLfis Nka;g;gth;fs;. Mdhy; rpy tPLfspy; rk;gsj;Jf;F Ms; itj;J fhy;eilfis guhkhpf;fpd;wdh;. fhiy 8 kzpastpy; fhy;eilfis gj;jp nrd;W gr;ir gNry; vd;w Gy;ntspapy; Nka;j;J tpl;L khiy Neuk; 6 kzpastpy; ML khLfis gj;jp nfhz;L tPL jpUk;Gthh;fs;.25
gRkhL vUik khLfspy; ghy; few;J gzFb ghy;gz;izf;F nfhz;L Ngha; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. gz;izapy; xU ypl;lh; ghyf;F 12& nfhLg;ghh;fs;. kf;fs; &uy; Kd;Ndw;w Kiwapd; %yk; khl;L Nyhd; vLg;ghh;fs;. Rkhh; 10000 & Nyhd; thq;fp gRkhL tpiyf;F thq;fp mij tsh;j;J mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij jtiz Kiwg;gb jpUk;g nrYj;Jthh;fs;.26
rh;Nthjah rq;fk; :
rh;Nthjah rq;fkhdJ fpuhkpaNkk;ghl;il ngUf;Ftjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l rq;fk; MFk; Vio vspa kf;fSf;fhf ,e;j rh;Nthjah rq;fk; Vw;gKj;jg;gl;lJ. Jhiljo;jg;gl;l goq;Fbkf;fs; ngz;fs; nghpath;fs; CdKw;Nwhh;fSf;fhf ,e;j rh;Nthjah rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; rpyh; Ntiytha;g;G ngw;Ws;sdh;
24.
25.Neh;fhzy; uhkypq;fk; fhy;eil guhkhpg;G gzFb Njjp : 27.01.2010
26.Neh;fhzy;
gzFb rq;fj;jpd; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs;:
gzFb rh;Nthjah rq;fkhdJ njd;fiu kfuh[hgps;is je;ij rptd;gps;is ,th;fshy; kfhj;khfhe;jpapd; nfhs;ifapd; gb Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ27 Nrhg;G CJgj;jp nkKFth;j;jp Njhyhy; nra;ag;gl;l R+]; ngy;l; Nghd;w nghUl;fSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. xU Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf Njd; jhahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Vuhskhd ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njid gjg;gLj;jp ,Ue;J Njid gjg;gLj;jp kf;fspd; kUe;Jf;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;28 NkYk; kur;rhkhd;fs; nkj;ij jiyaiz fl;by; jiyaiz ciw Ngg;gh; Ngg;gh;fpsh]; jl;Lfs; gir jPg;ngl;b fjh;Jzp CJgj;jp nkOFth;j;jp Nghd;w nghUl;fs; gzFb rh;Nthjahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ ,e;j nghUl;fs; nghq;fy; jPghtsp fpwp];Jk]; Nghd;w gz;bif ehs;fspy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; NkYk; ,g;nghUs;fs; b];fTz;l; KiwapYk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; fjh; nghUl;fshy; Vuhskhd kf;fs; gad;ngWfpd;wdh;.29
Ranjhopy; Ntiytha;g;G fy;tp epWtdk; :
ngz;fSf;F ,e;j Raj;njhopy; Ntiytha;g;G fy;tp epWtdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;epWtdk; ts;spa+hpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; %yk; ngz;fs; nghUs;<l;Ltjw;fhf cjtpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;epWtdj;jpy; Vuhskhd ngz;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.30
iftpid nghUl;fs; tpw;gid nra;J nghUs; <l;lf;$ba KiwAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,q;F Vio vspa ngz;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf jhNd nghUl;fis nra;a gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf gidkuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; xiy %yk; Vuhskhd nghUl;fs; nra;fpd;wdh;. $il jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; moF nghUs; rhjdk; nra;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,ij kw;w ngz;fSf;F nrhy;ypf;
27 T.jkpo;Fkud; (com) op.cit. U-22
28 Neh;fhzy; C.[ag;gd;, nrfnul;hp, ehd;FNehp, rh;Nthja rq;fk;, gzFb Njjp : 21/01/2008
29 Vasant Desai, Small Scale and Entrepreneurship, Mumbai 2003, P-98
nfhLg;gjd; %yk; me;j ngz;fs; Rakhf rk;ghjpj;J jhNd jd; FLk;gj;ij elj;Jfpd;w msTf;F ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; milfpd;wdh;.31
,jpy; Vuhskhf ngz;fs; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;e;Js;sdh;. ,jpsy; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;tjw;f;F Fiwe;j gl;rk; taJ gjpndl;lhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mth;fSf;F fy;tp jFjp [e;jhk; tFg;G gbj;jhy; NghJk; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;j;J nfhs;sg;gLth;. CdKw;wth;fs; jq;fs; tPl;bNyNa nghUl;fis thq;fp nrd;W cs;s nghUl;fis thq;fp nrd;W tpw;gid nra;J nfhLg;ghh;fs;. xU nghUs; nra;a xU ehl;fs; kl;Lk; my;y gy ehl;fs; Mapd. ,jd; %yk; CdKw;wth;fs; tPl;by; ,Ue;Nj xU ehisf;F 75& rk;ghjpj;jdh;.32
$ilfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fis re;ijf;F nrd;W thq;fp te;J nghUl;fs; jahhpj;J tpw;wdh;. mjd;%yk; mjpf tUtha; fpilj;jJ. Xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ngz;fs; Mz;fis Nghd;W nrhe;jkhf njhopypy; Foe;ijfSk; <Lgl;ldh;. ,e;j rpW njhopy; %yk; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilj;jJ.33
nghpa njhopyhf kspiff;fil N l;ly; gyruf;Ffil [Tspf;fil eiff;fil nkhirf;fil gspq;Ffw;fs; Nghd;w filfs; %yk; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,q;F gf;fj;J Ch;fspy; cs;s kf;fs; te;J nghUl;fs; thq;fp nry;thh;fs;. gzFbapy; ,uz;L tq;fp cs;sJ xd;W ,e;jpad; xth;rp];tq;fp kw;nwhd;W $l;LwT tq;fp MFk; ,e;j tq;fp %yk; tptrha kf;fSf;F fld; cjtp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ kf;fsplk; Nrkpg;G gof;fKk; fld;trjp ngwTk; cWJizahf cs;sJ NkNy gzFb kf;fs; jq;fs; fbd ciog;gpd; %yk; tho;f;if juj;jpy; Nkk;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;gJ njhpatUfpwJ;
31 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lit
32 Neh;fhzy; T. uhjh fpU\;zd;, r%f Nrtfh;, gzFb. Njjp :
33 Neh;fhzy; mUz; $ilKilgth;, gzFb. Njjp :
gFjp - 7
fy;tp epiy:
jkpo;ehl;il nghWj;jtiuapy; gzFb fy;tp epiyapy; rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ. ftpQh;fs; mwpQh;fs; Gyth;fs; Nghd;wth;fs; fy;tpapy; rpwe;jth;fshf ,Ue;jdh; jkpo;ehl;by; %d;W rq;fk; ,Ue;jJ ,jd; %yk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; ghpNkyofh; jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vKjpAs;shh;;. ,e;epfo;r;rpfs; midj;Jk; filrq;fj;jpy; eilngw;wit MFk;;
FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw:
Mf;fhyj;jpy; FUFyf; fy;tpjhd; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Ntjghlrhiy Njthug;ghlrhiy Nghd;wit Kf;fpa fy;tpahf ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; gbf;f ,isQHfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j gbg;ig gbf;f vy;yh kjj;jpdUk; Mh;tk; fhl;bdhh;fs; Mdhy; Njthu ghlrhiyapy; gpuhkzh;fs; my;yhjth;fs; eph;tfpj;jdh;. ,q;F jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ2
Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpd; fy;tpepiy:
ek; ehL Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpd;dh; fy;tpapy; Vuhskhd khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld Mf];l; 15 1947-y; Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpd;dh; kf;fs; Ra mwpNthL Kd;Ndwpdh;. ve;j gpur;rid Vw;gl;lhYk; kf;fs; Ra mwpNthL jPh;j;jdh;. ,jw;F fhuzk; fy;tp tsh;r;rpNa MFk;.
1 R.fhy;Lnty,; jpUney;Ntyp tuyhW, GJnly;yp, 1982 g-227
2 S.Sathianathan, History of Education in the madras presidency, madras,1894,p,p 3-6
3 T.Muthukumar, “Singampunari-A study” (unpublished M.phil, dissertation)Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai,2002,p-72
njhlf;f fy;tp:
xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; [e;jhk; tFg;G tiu cs;s gs;spf;$lk; njhlf;fg;gs;spf;$lk; MFk;. Mwhk; tFg;G Kjy; Vohk; tFg;G tiu cs;s gs;spf;$lk; eLepiyg;gs;spf;$lk; MFk;; ,g;gs;spapy; E}y;E}w;wy; tptrhak; Njhl;lguhkhpg;G Nghd;wit Muk;g gs;spfspy; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ mjd;gpwF ehk; ,g;NghhJ gpd;gw;Wk; vKj;J fy;tp Kiw mwpKfg;gl;lJ 4 jkpo;ehl;by; 1978-79 Kjy; cah;epiyg; gs;sp mwpKfgLj;jg;gl;lJ. Cah;epiyg; gs;spfspy; ,ytr fy;tp mwpKfgLj;jg;gl;lJ cah;epiyg; gs;spfspy; ,ytr fy;tp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd;dh; 1958-k; Mz;L xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; khzth;fSf;F jq;Fk; tpLjp mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ5
gzFbapy; fy;tp tsh;r;rp:
Muk;g epiyapy; fy;tpahdJ nghUshjhuk; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1954 Kjy; 1953 tiu jkpo; ehl;by; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j ngUe;jiyth; K. fhkuh[h; mth;fs; gjpndhd;W taJ epuk;gpa midj;J gps;isfSk; Muk;g fy;tp gapy Ntz;Lk; vd;w jpl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L te;jhh;6 gpwF ,th;fSf;F ,ytr czT jpl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L te;jhh; gpd;dh; gs;sp eilngwhj ehl;fspYk; ,e;j ,ytr czT khzthfSf;F tof;fg;gl;lJ.7 ,ytr czT toq;fg;gl;ljhy; khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwatpy;iy.
Muk;g epiyg; gs;spfs;:
gzFb gQ;rhaj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhf %d;W Muk;g epiy gs;spfs; cs;sd. ,g;gs;spfspy; fy;tpiaj; jtpu tpisahl;L fy;tpAk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ;
4 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lit g-1187
5 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lit-gg-1184-1188
6 R.P. Kapur, Kamaraj the Iron man New Delhi, 1966,pp-75-102
7 K.R. uhi[ad;, jkpo;ehL tuyhW (1565-1965) kJiu,978,g-g 300-301
jpU ,Uja Muk;gg;gs;sp:
jpU ,Uja Muk;g gs;spahdJ 1938-k; Mz;L jhd; jpU ,Uja rNfhjh;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;j gs;spahdJ jpU ,Uja rigf;F nrhe;jkhdJ ,e;j gs;spapd; eph;thfj;ij jpU ,Uja rigNa ftdpj;J nfhs;Sk;. ,g;gs;spapd; Nkw;F jpirapy; rw;Wj; njhiytpy; xU Gjpa gs;spf;$lk; xd;W fl;lg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; mjpf khzth;fs; ,g;gs;spapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;; 1946-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;spahdJ eLepiyahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. 1981-k; Mz;L cah;epiyg; gs;spahfTk; 1997-k; Mz;L Nky;epiyg; gs;spahfTk; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.8
jpU ,Uja Muk;g gs;spapy; 483 khzth;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fspy; 237 khzth;fSk; 246 khztpfSk; cs;sdh;. ,g;gs;spapy; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; [e;jhk; tFg;G tiu jhd; cs;sJ xt;nthU tFg;Gk; %d;W gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; nkhj;jk; 14 Mrphpah; ngUkf;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. mth;fspy; gjpndhd;W MrphpiafSk; %d;W Mrphpah;fSk; cs;sdh;. ,th;fspy; jiyik MrphpaUk; mlq;Fthh;9
St’ N[hrg; Muk;gg;gs;sp:
8 fUk;gyif jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg; gs;sp gzFb g-9
9 Neh;fhzy;: N[Ruh[; jpU ,Uja njhlf;fg;gs;sp, gzFb
ml;;ltiz nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; gphpTfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2009;-2010 –Mz;Lg;gb
tFg;G gphpT khzth;fs; khztpah;fs; nkhj;jk;
1 A 18 18 36
B 19 19 38
C 18 19 37
2 A 16 17 33
B 15 16 31
C 14 16 30
3 A 15 15 30
B 15 16 31
C 16 17 33
4 A 14 15 29
B 15 14 29
C 15 15 30
5 A 15 16 31
B 16 17 33
C 16 16 32
nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 483
Xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; khzt khztpah;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msthf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
T.D.T.A. Muk;gg; gs;sp
T.D.T.A. vd;gJ Tirunelveli Diocesan Trust Association MFk;. ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfj; jiytuhf ,Ug;gth; khd;rp]; mth;fs;. ,th; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midj;J T.D.T.A. Muk;gg; gs;spf;Fk; ,tNu eph;thf jiyth; Mthh;.10 ,g;gs;spia 1951-k; Mz;L G.S.A ghf;fpaehjd; cd;w Nghjfh; epWtpdhh;. ,g;gs;sp 30.01.1951-k; Mz;L muR mq;fpfhuk; ngw;wJ. ,jd; R.C.N.O: 547 E2/50 MFk;.
A.N[f;fg; nry;iyah gzFb gs;spapd; jiytuhf cs;sh;. gzFbapd; fpof;F gFjpapy; cs;s iggh]; rhiyapy; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; ,uz;lhk; tFg;G tiu gs;spf;$lk; cs;sJ. Gpd;dh; ,g;gs;spapd; njhlh;r;rp %d;whk; tFg;G Kjy; Ie;jhk; tFg;G tiu gzFbapypUe;J ehfh;Nfhtpy; nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; mUfhikapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F nkhj;jk; 95 khzth;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wdh;.11
ml;;ltiz nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; gphpTfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2009;-2010 –Mz;Lg;gb
tFg;G khzth;fs; khztpah;fs; nkhj;jk;
1
10
12
22
2
09
07
16
3
09
07
16
4
09
05
14
5
08
09
17
10. Neh;fhzy; A.N[f;fg; nry;iyah gzFb T.D.T.A. Muk;gg; gs;spapd; jiyik Mrphpah;.Njjp
,g;gs;spfspy; kpfTk; Fiwthd khzth;fNs gbj;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,g;gs;spfapy; Mjpjpuhtplh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Vio vspa FLk;gj;ij Nrh;e;j khzth;fNs mjpfk; gbf;fpd;whh;fs;.12
ypl;by; /gpsthh; Mq;fpy njhlf;fg;gs;sp:
ypl;by; /gpsthh; Mq;fpy njhlf;fg;gs;spapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT khzthfs; jhd; gbf;fpd;wdh;. ,g;gs;spapy; jukhd Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. koiyah; tFg;G Kjy; [e;jhk; tFg;G tiu cs;sJ;13
tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg;gs;sp :
tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg; gs;spahdJ gzFbapy; ,Ue;J ehfh;Nfhtpy; nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gs;sp 1825 –k; Mz;Lfl;lg;gl;lJ. ,g;gs;spapy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; FUFyg;gs;spahf ,Ue;jJ.mjd;gpwF 1896-k; Mz;L [{iy 21-y; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; ehd;fhk; tFg;G tiu ,g;gs;spapd; juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd mq;fPfhu vz;. 638 MFk;. mjd; gpd;dh; 1926-k; Mz;L etk;gh; 15-k; Njjp Ie;jhk; tFg;G Muk;gof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd mq;fPfhu vz; : 8 MFk;.
,t;thwhf ,g;gs;spapd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf ghLgl;lth; ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfpahf ,Ue;j jhz;lthuhad;Kjypahh; Mthh;. ,th; kfd; mz;zhkiyag;gKjypahh; ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfj; jiytuhdhh;. ,thpd; kfd; ghyfpU\;zd; ,g;gs;spapd; eph;thfj; jiytuhdhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gs;spapy; Mwhk; tFg;G Kjy; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiyf;Fk; juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd mq;fPfhu vz; : 109(A) E2/66 dt: 5.5 109(C) E2/66 dt 55.66.14
12. Neh;fhzy; Mrs, Qhdghf;fpak;:T.D.T.A.; gs;spapd; jiyik Mrphpah;.Njjp
13. Neh;fhzy; R. jpUKUfd; uh[h ];Nlhh; chpikahsh; gzFb Njjp :
14. fUk;gyif tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg;gs;sp gzFb.Njjp :
jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spapy; 557 khzth;fs; cs;sdh; xd;whk tFg;gpy; ,uz;L gphpTfSk; ,uz;lhk; tFg;G Kjy; ehd;fhk; tFg;G tiu xt;nthU tFg;GfSf;Fk; xU gphpTk; Ie;jhk; tFg;Gf;F kl;Lk; ,uz;L gphpTfSk; cs;sd . ,g;gs;spapy; nkhj;jk; gjpNdO Mrphpa ngUkf;fs; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wdh;. Mth;fspy; Ie;J Mrphpah;fSk; gd;dpnuz;L MrphpiafSk; cs;sdh;.
jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spia eph;tfpj;J tUgth;fs; ghyfp\;zdpd; ,uz;L kfd;fs; Mthh;fs;. xUth; mz;zhkiy kw;nwhUth; Ntjehafk; ,th;fSk; ,g;gs;spapNyNa Mrphpah; gzp Ghpfpd;wdh;. ,th;fNshL Nrh;e;Jjhd; Ie;J Mrphpah;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpwF MW Kjy; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu Xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; %d;W gphpTfs; cs;sd. Xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapNy khzth;fs; gbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.15 ,g;gs;spapy; gapYk; ngUk;ghyhd khzth;fs; Vio vspNahh;fs; kw;Wk; Mjpjpujtplh; goq;Fbapdh; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; eLj;ju th;f;fj;jpdh; gbf;fpd;wdh;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gs;spfspd; %yk; Rw;W tl;lhu kf;fs; fy;tpngw;W cah; fy;tp gapy;tjw;F toptFj;Js;sJ vdyhk;.
Ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; gphpthSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;mfLg;G 2009-2010 Mz;Lg;gb
15 Neh;fhzy; : Mr. rhyNkhd; RNu\; tlf;F ,e;JeLepiyg;gs;sp gzFb Njjp :
tFg;G
gphpT
khzth;fs
khztp;fs
nkhj;jk;
1
A
B
16
18
16
13
32
31
2
21
20
41
3
15
24
39
4
21
23
44
5
A
B
15
16
16
15
31
31
6
A
B
C
18
18
17
15
16
18
33
34
35
7
A
B
C
18
16
17
18
17
18
36
33
35
8 A
B
C 17
18
18 15
17
17 32
35
35
m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp :
m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp jw;NghJ gzFb fhty; epiyak; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. 1936-k; Mz;by; jhd; ,g;gs;sp$lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gs;spapd; Kjy; eph;thfp Mr. mrhf;fypq;fk;gps;is Mthh;. Jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spia ,thpd; kfd; Rg;gpukzpad; eph;tfpj;J tUfpwhh;. ,g;gs;sp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l vz; : 102 C dt 17 1941.16 1936-k;Mx;Lf;F Kd;G ,g;gs;spapd; mgah; ,uhkypq;fk; Muk;g gs;sp vd;W ,Ue;jJ.
mg;NghJ mg;gs;spapd; eph;thfpahf Mr.M];th; vd;gth; ,Ue;jhh;. Mjd; gpd;dh; ,g;gs;spf;$lk; 1936 –k; Mz;L Mr. mrhf;fypq;fk; gps;isf;F khw;wp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mjd; gpwNf ,g;gs;spapd; ngah; m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp vd;W ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;gs;spapy; ghlq;fs; midj;Jk; jopo; nkhopapNyNa fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ .,q;F gjpmdhd;W Mrphpa ngUkf;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;dh;. ,g;gs;spapy; xd;whk; tFg;G Kjy; Ie;jhk; tFg;G tiu xU gphpT kl;Lk; jhd; cs;sJ. Mwhk; tFg;G vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu ,uz;L gphpTfs; cs;sd. ,g;gs;spapy; nkhj;jk; 443 khzth;fs; gapYfpd;whh;fs;.17
16 Neh;fhzy; : m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrphpiaapd; miwapy; cs;s fUk;gyif gzFb
Njjp:
17. Neh;fhzy; : Mr. Rg;gpukz;ad; m]Nr]; eLepiyg;gs;sp gzFb Njjp :
ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; gphpthSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;mfLg;G 2009-2010 Mz;Lg;gb
tFg;G
gphpT
khzth;fs;
khztp;fs;
nkhj;jk;
1
17
24
41
2
21
21
42
3
22
16
38
4
19
23
42
5
20
21
41
6
A
B
22
21
21
22
43
43
7 A
B 18
17 20
19 38
36
8
A
B 18
20 18
21 38
41
Gs;sp khd; Mq;fpy cah;epiyg;gs;sp :
Gs;sp khd; Mq;fpy cah;epiyg;gs;sp gzFbapy; ,Ue;J ehfh;NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;Yk; neLQ;rhiyapd; mUNf mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; koiyah; tFg;G Kjy; gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu cs;sJ. ,e;j gs;spapy; nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwthfBt cs;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.18
jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp :
jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp ,uhzpkq;fk;khs;rhiyapd; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. 1938-k; Mz;L jpU ,Uja rNfhjuh;fshy; ,g;gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ . gpd;dh; 1997-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;sp Nky;epiyg;gs;spahf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.19 ,g;gs;spapy; Mwhk; tFg;G Kjy; gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu xt;NthU tFg;Gk; ehd;F gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mjd; gpd;dh; gjpndhd;W gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;Gfs; %d;W gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjpndhd;W gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;gpy; fzpjk; fzpzpmwptpay; tuyhW fzf;fpay; ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ; ,g;gs;spapy; jiyik Mrphpah; I.N[hrg;. ,g;gs;spapy; ,Ug;gj;jp ,uz;L Mrphpah;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. NkYk; gj;J epue;ju gzp ,y;yhj Mrphpah;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.20
18. Neh;fhzy; : yjh Gs;sp khd; Mq;fpy cah;epiyg;gs;sp Mrphpah; gzFb Njjp :
19. Gdp;j #irag;gh; Myaj;jpd; 25-k; Mz;L nts;sp kyh; gzFb 2001 g-10
20. Neh;fhzy; N[hrg; jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrphpah; gzFb Njjp:
ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; gphpthSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;mfLg;G 2009-2010 Mz;Lg;gb
tFg;G khzth;fSk; %d;W gphpTfSk; khztpfSk; %d;W gphpTfSk;
nkhj;jk;
6 107 101 208
7 83 103 186
8 92 88 180
9 116 119 235
10 87 116 203
11 1.fzpjk;
2.fzpzpmwptpay;
3.tuyhWkw;Wk; fzf;Fgjtpay; 16
35
23 25
28
49 41
63
72
12 1. fzpjk;
2. fzpzpmwptpay
3. tuyhWkw;Wk; fzf;Fgjtpay; 11
26
21 24
15
36 35
41
57
nkhj;jkhzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1321
,g;gs;spapy; 2007-2008-k; Mz;by; Mq;fpyg; gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,q;F Mwhk; tFg;Gk; Vohk; tFg;Gk; tiu jhd; cs;sJ ,g;gs;spapy; Mz;Ltpoh rpwe;j Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLk; NkYk; cly;fy;tp iftpid nghUl;fs; meptpay; eljljg;gLk; nghUl;fs; r%f Nritfs; rpWNrkpg;G E}yfk; tho;f;iffy;tp Nghd;w fy;tpAk; ,q;F fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.21
21.Neh;fhzy; N[hrg; jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrphpah; gzFb Njjp
muRNky;epiyg;gs;sp :
1882-k; Mz;L muRnjhlf;fg;gs;spahf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ ,g;gs;sp gQ;rhaj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; 1958-k; Mz;L khtl;lg;gs;spahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF muR gs;spahf khwpaJ.22
gzFbapy; cs;s muRNky;epiyg;gs;spia fl;Ltjw;fhf C.kfuhrhgps;is vd;gthpd; %j;j kfd; rptd;gps;is [e;J Vf;fh; epyj;ij jhdkhf nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;dh; muR njhlf;fg; gs;sp 1957-y; cah;epiyg;gs;spahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd mq;fpfhuk; ngw;w vz; e,f,v2,226D, Dis, 1098/57, dt.26.11.1957. gpd;dh; 1981-k; Mz;L muR cah;epiyg;gs;sp muR Nky;epiyg;gs;spahf juk; cah;e;jJ. mjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk; vz; d;f;v2;36100/w15/81,dt.18.06.1981.23
,e;j gs;sp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;j jiyik Mrphpah; Mr.rq;fuRg;gpukzpad; ,th; 24o6/06/1957 Kjy; 26/10/1957 tiu jiyik Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. mjd;gpd; A.fpshb]; nly;kh Mthh;. ,th; 12/08/02 Mz;L ,th; 12/08/02 Mz;L Kjy; jiyik Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. ,g;gs;spapy; vl;L MrphpiafSk;, gjp%d;W Mrphpah;fSk; ,g;gs;spapy; gzpahw;Wfpd;whh;fs;. ,jpy; jiyik MrphpiaAk; xUth; Mthh;. nkhj;jk; Mrphpah;fs; 22 Ngh;fs; cs;sdh;. Mrphpah; my;yhj mYtyh;fs; ,uz;L Ngh; cs;sdh;.24 jdpahh; Jiwapd; %yk; Mz; Mrphpah;fs; fzpzp fy;tpf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
22 K.S.K. Velmani(ed) op.cit.. g-1187
23 jiyik Mrphpiaapd; miwapDs; cs;s fUk;gyif muR Nky;epiyg; gs;sp, gzFb Njjp:
24 Neh;fhzy;: Mrs.A.fpshb]; nly;kh. jiyik Mrphpia muRNky;epiyg;gs;sp, gzFb
ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2007-2008 Mz;Lg;gb
tFg;GfSk;/gphpTk; khzth;fs; khztpfs; nkhj;jk;
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D 37
26
26
140 18
36
26
150 55
62
52
290
10 A
B
C
106
98
204
11
12
1.fzpjk;
2.mwptpay;
3.fzpjk; kw;Wk; fzpzp
4.fzpzp kw;Wk; fzf;Ffgjtpay;
5.tuyhW
1.fzpjk;
2.mwptpay;
3.fzpjk; kw;Wk; fzpzp
4.fzpzp kw;Wk; fzf;Ffgjtpay;
5.tuyhW 7
7
8
7
18
6
12
5
28
17 20
21
17
18
33
14
14
25
21
6 27
28
28
25
51
10
10
30
49
23
Gdpj md;dhs; Mq;fpyg; gs;sp :
,g;gs;spf;F Kjypy; mbf;f ehl;baJ gh];lh; gd;dPh; nry;tKk; nghp];gpiu]; vd;gtUk; Mthh;fs;. nghp];gpiu]; vd;gth; gzFbapy; cs;s Gdpj N[hrg; Myaj;jpd; gh];lh; Mthh; Mq;fpyg;gs;spiaf; fl;bath; rp];lh;md;. ,g;gs;sp 1992-k; Mz;L fl;lg;gl;lJ.25
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,g;gs;spapy; VO khzth;fs; jhd; gapd;wdh;. 1993-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;spapd; tshfk; fl;lg;gl;lJ 1997-k; Mz;L ,g;gs;spapd; Rw;wsT 1 fp.kPl;luhf ,Ue;jJ ,g;gs;sp ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; gzFbapy; ,Ue;J 1 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; njd;jpirapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gs;spapy; Kjypy; ,g;gs;spia Rw;wpAs;s Ch;fspd; khzth;fs; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh; ,g;gs;spapd; jhshsh; rp];lh;yprpkj;jpy; Kjy;th; rp];lh;nkl;bghYk; JizKjy;tuhf rp];lh;N[h];gpd;Dk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,g;gs;spapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l khzth;fSf;F vd;W ,ytr ghlE}y;fs; ,ytr NgUe;J gazrPl;L ,ytr ghlE}y;fs; ,ytr gs;spf;fl;lzk; Nghd;w trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ mwptpay;ghlj;Jf;Fk; fzpzpghlj;Jf;Fk; Ma;T$lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ NkYk; vy;yh khzth;fSk; fzpzpapd; mbg;gil fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; fuhj;Nj ,ir eldk; Nahfh xtpak; Nghd;w gpw fiyfSk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.27
,g;gs;spf;F ntspNa xU tpisahl;L ikjhdk; cs;sJ mjd; %yk; tpisahl;L JiwapYk; clw;fy;tpapYk rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;whh;fs;. vy;yh tFg;gpYk; xNu vz;zpf;iahd khzth;fs; Nrh;j;J nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.
;
25 [hz;Ngh];Nfh Gdpj #irag;gh; Nfhtpypd; 25-k; Mz;L nts;sptpoh kyh; gzFb 2001 g-2
26 Ann’s zine, 1992-2005 St-Ann’s Matric.Hr.Sec.School Sivakamipuram, panagudi,pp-12-14
27 Nky; Fwpgpl;lit g-15
ml;ltizapy; nkhj;j khzth;fSk; tFg;GfSk; tUlhe;jpu fzf;nfLg;G 2007-2008 Mz;Lg;gb
tFg;G gphpT khzth;fspd;vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk;
1 A 50
142
B 46
C 46
2 A 50
149
B 49
C 50
3 A 45
134
B 45
C 44
4 A 62
123
B 61
5 A 56
112
B 56
6 A 62
123
B 61
7 A 41
82
B 41
tFg;G gphpT khzth;fspd;vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk;
8 A 45
89
B 44
9 A 39
79
B 40
10 A 28
60
B 32
11 A 20
53
B 33
12 A 25
40
B 15
nkhj;j khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1146
kjpa czT jpl;lk;:
kjpa czT jpl;lkhdJ K.khkuh[h; mth;fs; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,k;Kiw Foe;ijfSf;F xU rpwe;j jpl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J Foe;ijfSf;F xU rpwe;j Cl;lr;rj;Js;s czthf ,Ue;jJ ,t;TzT jpdKk; midj;J gs;spapYk; kjpa czthfg; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.28
28 P.Rao, The Mid Day Meal Programme and Nutrition, Madras, 1978,P16
gpd;dh; Kjyikr;ruhf ,lk; ngw;w vk;.[p.uhkr;re;jpud; mth;fshy; Gjpa Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.mk;Kiw 1982-k; Mz;L [_iyapy; vy;yh fpuhkq;fspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.29
gzFb gs;spapy; rj;JzT thuj;jpw;F %d;W Kl;il Nghlg;gLfpwJ. kyioah; gs;spapy; 300 khzth;s; gbf;fpd;wdh; T.D.T.A gs;spapy; 89 khzth;fSk; kjpaczT jpl;lj;jpy; cs;sth;fs; Mthh;fs;. muRNky;epiyg;gs;spapy; 510 khzth;fSk; kjpa czT jpl;lj;jpy cs;sth;fs;. tlf;F ,e;J eLepiyg;gs;spapy; 300 khzth;fs; kjpa czT jpl;lj;jpy; cs;sth;fs;.
;
29 jkpo;ehL khtl;lj;jpd; eph;thf mwpf;if, 1983-84, g-284
30 gs;sp gjpNtL 2007-2008
gzFbapd; r%f epiy
kf;fspd; r%f epiyia nghWj;jtiuapy; kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ rKjhaj;jpy; ntt;NtW tpjkhd kjk;> ,dk;> [hjp rhh;e;j kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. xt;nthU kjj;jpdUk; Fy nja;tq;fis topgLfpd;wdh;. mth;;fspd; topghL ntt;NtW tpjkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. rKjhaj;jpy; gytpjkhd gphpitr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. ehlhh;> gpuhkzh;> nrl;bahh;> it~;zth;> Mrhhp> itr nts;shsh;> ahjth;> Kjypahh;> kPdth;> K];yPk; Nghd;wth;fSk; tho;fpd;wdh;.
gzFb kf;fspd; epiy:
1. ehlhh;:
gzFbapy; ,r;rhjp kf;fs;jhd; mjpfkhf tho;fpd;whh;fs;. ehlhh; kf;fs;jhd; rw;W cah;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. ,th;fs; tptrhaj;ijAk;> nrq;fy;> XL njhopw;rhiyfisAk; Kf;fpa njhopyhff; nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;. fy;tpapYk; ey;y tsh;r;rp mile;jth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
2. Mjpjpuhtplh;:
gzFbapy; Mjpjpuhtpl kf;fs; rw;W Fiwthfjhd; cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk; muR Copah;fshf gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fy;tpawpT ,y;yhky; fhzg;gl;l kf;fs; jw;NghJ fy;tpepiyapy; tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sdh;. ,th;fspd; tho;f;if juKk; Nkk;gl;L tUfpwJ.
3. nrl;bahh;:
,th;fs; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy;jhd; cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; fy;tpawptpy; tsh;r;rp mile;J thzpg epiyapy; cah;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
4. Mrhhp:
gzFbapy; Mrhhp kf;fs; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fis jq;f Mrhhp vd;Wk;> nfhy;y Mrhhp vd;Wk; ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,th;fs; jq;fg;gl;liw my;yJ nfhy;yg; gl;liw itj;J jq;fs; njhopiy nra;J tUfpd;whh;fs;.
5. gpuhkzh;fs;:
gpuhkzh;fs; Fiwthfj;jhd; cs;shh;fs;. ,th;fs; fy;tpepiyapy; cah;e;Js;sdh;. ,th;fs; muR gzpahsh;fshfTk;> Nfhtpy; G+rhhpfshfTk; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; r%fj;jpy; cah;e;jtuhf kjpf;fg;gLgpd;wdh;.
6. Kjypahh;:
,th;fs; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. ,th;fs; fy;tpapYk; tsh;r;rp ngw;W thzpg epiyapYk; Mrphpa gzpapYk; cah;e;Js;sdh;.
7. gps;iskhh;fs;:
gpuhkzh;fSf;F mLj;jg;gbahf kjpf;fg;gLgth; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd;wdh;. muRgzpapYk; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;.
8. ahjth;fs;:
gzFbapy; mjpfkhNdhh; cs;shh;fs;. fy;tpapy; tsh;r;rp mile;J tUfpd;wdh; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; tptrhak;> ML >khL Nka;j;jYk; MFk;. ,th;fs; ghy; gz;izapy; mjpf Ntiy nra;fpd;whh;fs;.
9. Nrhoh;fs;:
Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif cilath;fs; ,th;;fs; fy;tpapy; tsh;r;rp mile;J ngw;Ws;sdh;;. NkYk; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; Rz;zhk;G jahhpj;J tpw;gid nra;tJ MFk;.
10. K];yPk;fs;:
K];yPk;fspy; ,U gphpTfs; cs;sJ. 1. gl;lhzp K];yPk;> ,th;fs; cUJ nkhop NgRgth;fs;. kw;nwhd;W nyg;ig K];yPk;fs; ,th;fs; jkpo; nkhop NgRgth;fs;. ,th;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; ntspehl;by; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. gy;NtW ,d> kjj;ij rhh;e;j gzFb gFjpapy; ,th;fs; xw;WikAld; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.
11. tz;zhh;:
,th;fs; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; gbg;gwpT ,y;yhky; ,Ue;j kf;fs; jw;NghJ fy;tpawpT cs;sth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; ryit njhopy; nra;fpd;wdh;.
12. fhl;Lehaf;fh;fs;:
,th;fs; Fiwe;j mstpy; cs;sdh;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; gbg;gwptpd;wp fhzg;gl;l ,th;fs; ,d;W Xh; msTf;F gbg;gwpT gilj;jth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy; gd;wp tsh;g;gJ MFk;. fy;tpapy; Nkk;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;.
,e;Jf;fspd; nghJ epfo;r;rpfs;
,e;Jf;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; gytpjkhd nghJ epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jpdh;. ,th;fs; xt;nthU ehisAk; kpf Kf;fpa ehshf fUJfpd;wdh;. Foe;ijfs; gpwg;G> jpUkzk; fhhpaq;fs; kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wdh;. jpUkz rlq;Ffs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpUkzk;:
nghJ epfo;r;rpahf jpUkzk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jpUkzq;fs; nghJthf ngw;Nwhh;fshy; epr;rapf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpUkzk; vg;gb eilngw;wJ vd;why; kzkf;fs; tPl;lhh; FLk;g egh;fNshL xd;whf cl;fhh;e;J
jPh;khdpj;J ngz; tPl;bw;F nrd;W me;j ngz; tPl;by; jha;> je;ij cw;whh;fsplk; Ngrp me;j ngz;iz jd;Dila kfDf;F juNtz;Lnkd;W Ngrp KbT nra;J epr;rajhh;j;jk; elj;jp cWjp nra;jgpd; jpUkzk; eilngWfpd;wJ. gpd;dh; me;j ngz; jd; FLk;gj;jpy; xUtuhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUkzk; vd;whNy tujl;riz Kf;fpa xd;whf cs;sJ.
tujl;riz khg;gps;is tPl;lhUf;F XU rpwe;ej tUkhdkhf ,Ue;jJ. kzg;ngz;zhdts; f~;lg;glhky; ,Uf;f gpwe;j tPl;bypUe;J mtspd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; rPjdkhf mzpfyd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw nfhLf;fpd;wdh;.
rKjhaj;jpy; Vio> vspa kf;fs; jpUkzj;ij Nfhtpypy; itj;J elj;jpdh;. Mdhy; cah; rhjp kf;fSk; cah;e;j me;j];j;J cs;s kf;fspd; jpUkzq;fs; Mlk;gukhf eilngw;wJ. ,th;fspd; jpUkzk; nghJthf kz;lgq;fspy; itj;J eilngWfpwJ.
Foe;ijg; gpwg;G:
Foe;ijg; gpwg;G tpoh rKjhaj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; Foe;ijapd; jhahh; jd;Dila fztd; FLk;gj;j-pw;F Foe;ij gpwe;j nra;jpia $Wthh;. FLk;gj;jhh;fs; me;j Foe;ijia ghh;j;J kfpo;;r;rpailthh;fs;. gpd;dh; Foe;ijf;F ngah; #l;Ltpohtpd; NghJ ngz; tPl;lhUk;> fzth; tPl;lhUk; Foe;ijf;F jq;f Mguzq;fs; mzpe;J kfpo;thh;fs;. ,J xU Kf;fpa tpohthFk;.
G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;Ltpoh:
Xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ngz; Foe;ijfs; gdpnuz;L tajpypUe;J gjpide;J tajpw;Fs;shf nghpath;fs; Mthh;fs;. ,e;j Kiwf;F G+g;nga;jy; Kiw vd;W ngah;. ,jid ngw;Nwhh;fs; G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;L tpohthf nfhz;lhLthh;fs;. ,J midj;J rhjpapdhplKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngw;NwhUf;F kfpo;r;rp juf;$ba epfo;r;rpahf fhzg;gl;lJ.
Nfspf;iffs;:
gzFbapy; ,e;J> K];yPk;> fpwp];jth;fs; Nghd;w kjj;jdh; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,e;Jf;fs; nghq;fy;> jPghtsp gz;bifapd;NghJ tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs; itj;J ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSf;F ghpRfs; toq;Fthh;fs;. mNj Nghd;W fpwp];jth;fSk; fpwp];Jk];> Gj;jhz;L Nghd;w gz;bif md;W fiy epfo;r;rpfs;> tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs; itj;J kfpo;th;.
=,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpypd; jpUthohtpd; NghJk; tpisahl;L Nghl;b itf;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; midj;J rhjp> kj kf;fSk; fye;J nfhs;thh;fs;. NkYk; ,t;tpohf;fs; kf;fspilNA kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J kj ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; ,lk; ngwr; nra;fpwJ.
tPLfs;:
gzFb gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gFjpapy; 50>000-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tPLfs; cs;sd. mjpy; rpy tPLfs; njd;id Xiyahy; fl;lg;gl;l Fbir tPLfSk;> XL tPLfSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rpy tPLfs; fhd;fPupl;lhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. rpy tPLfspy; fpzWfs; fhzg;gl;ld. rpy tPLfspy; Nghh; Nghl;L jz;zPh; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. trjp gilj;j tPl;bd; Kd;dhy; nghpa miwAk;> gf;fthl;by; gLf;if miwAk;> rikay; miwAk;> Fspay; miwAk;> foptiwAk; ,Ue;jJ. Nghhpy; ,Ue;J tUk; jz;zPuhdJ Fspg;gjw;Fk;> Fbg;gjw;f;Fk;> ML> khLfis Fspg;ghl;Ltjw;f;Fk; gad;gl;lJ. NkYk; tPLfspy; ML> khL tsh;f;Fk; gof;fk; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ.
czT kw;Wk; Mil:
rKjhaj;jpy; czT gof;fkhdJ jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; KOtJk; XNu khjphpahfNt cs;sJ. kf;fspd; czT Kiwapy; irtKk;> mirtKk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. irtj;ij nghWj;j tiuapy; fha;fwp> NfhJik> mhprp Kjyhdtw;iw gad;gLj;jpdh;. mirtj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; Nfhop> ML> khL> gd;wp Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jgl;lJ. nghJthf midj;J kf;fSk; irt> mirt czitAk; cz;ldh;. ,e;Jf;fs; jPghtsp> nghq;fy; Nghd;w gz;bif ehl;fspy; mirtk; cz;ldh;. fpwp];Jk]; gz;bifapd; NghJk;> ,];yhkpah;fs; uk;rhd; gz;bif KbAk; NghJk; mirtk; cz;ldh;. nghJthf midj;J rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jthfSk; thuj;jpy; xU ehs; mirt czT cl;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
Mil:
kf;fs; gytpjkhd Milfs; cLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,isQh;fs; Ngz;l;> [Pd;]; Nghd;w <ilia gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. jpUkzk; Mfhj ngz;fs; Kf;fpakhf fy;Y}hp nry;Yk; ngz;fs; Rbjhh; Nghd;w Milia mzpe;jdh;. kw;w ngz;fs;
rhjhuz Milia mzpe;jdh;. Viof; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ngz;fs; ghthil jhtzp mzpe;jdh;. ,jid jtpu gs;spapy; gbg;gth;fs; rPUil mzpe;J nrd;wdh;.
jpUkzk; Kbe;j ,sk;ng;fs; tpjtpjkhd tz;z Milfis mzpe;jdh;. Glitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;jdh;. Mdhy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; ntz;zpw MilAk;> ,sk; tpjitfs; tz;z MilAk; mzpe;jhh;fs;.
gzFb kf;fSf;F jPghtsp> nghq;fy; Nghd;w gz;biffs; Kf;fpa gz;bifahf nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdh;. jPghtsp md;W kf;fs; vz;nza; Nja;j;J Fspg;ghh;fs;. nghq;fy; gz;bif ehl;fspy; jpUkzkhd ngz;fSf;F nghq;fy; rPuhf mhprp> ghj;jpuk;> fha;fwpfs;> fUk;G Nghd;wit nfhLg;ghh;fs;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vy;yh gof;f tof;fq;fSk; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,];yhkpah;fs;:
gzFbapy; ,];yhkpah;fs; nyg;ig K];yPk;> gl;lhzp K];yPk; ,U gphpthf cs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; flikfSk;> topghLk; XNu khjphpahf cs;sd. ,];yhkpah;fspd; flik Ie;J tifahFk;. mit:
1. fypkh
2. njhOif
3. Nehd;G
4. [hfj;
5. `[;[p
,e;j klikfs; Ie;Jk; xt;nthU K];yPk;fspd; flikahFk;. kdpjd; thOk; ehl;fs; KOtJk; mtd; filgpbf;f NTz;ba flikfshFk;. ,e;j flikfis filgpbg;gth;fs; my;yh`;tpd; mUis ngw;wth;fs; Mthh;fs;. mJ kl;kpy;yhky; cz;ikahd K];yPk; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLthh;fs;.
muR mYtyq;fq;fs;:-
gzFbapy; muR mYtyfq;fs; rpy nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd. me;j muR mYtyfq;fs; %yk; kf;fSf;F gy cjtpfs; nra;J tUfpwJ. gzFbapy; muR mYtyfq;fshf gQ;rhaj;J> fpuhk eph;thf mYtyfk; fhty; epiyak; Kjypad cs;sd.
gzFb gQ;rhaj;J:-
gzFb gQ;rhaj;J Njh;Tepiy Ng&uhl;rp MFk;. gzFb gQ;rhaj;ij 1949-k; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gQ;rhaj;jpd; gug;gsT 49 r.fp.kP ,e;j gQ;rhaj;jpd; fPo; gd;dpuz;L fpuhkk; cs;sJ. nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L thh;Lfs; cs;sd. jw;NghJ gQ;rhaj;J jiytuhf re;jpud; vd;gtUk; Jizj; jiytuhf gQ;rhaj;J rq;fh; vd;gtUk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. gQ;rhaj;jpy; nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;jp vl;LNgh; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.
,e;j gQ;rhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa gzp vd;dntd;why; xt;nthU fpuhkq;fspYk; rhiyfs;> Fbjz;zPh;> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> ghyq;fs; Kjyhd mbg;gilj; Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;tJ MFk;. NkYk; xt;nthU fpuhkq;fSf;F FbePh; trjpAk;> fpuhkq;fis Jg;GuT nra;aTk;> kiof; fhyq;fspy; nfhR kUe;J mbf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;.
fpuhk eph;thf mYtyfk;:
fpuhk eph;thf mYtyfk; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; rhiyapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; muR fpuhkq;fSf;F vd;W mwptpf;Fk; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jthh;fs;. NkYk; ,ytr Ntl;b> Nriy> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;wit nfhLg;gJk; ,th;fs;jhd;. tPL fl;Lgth;> filfs; fl;Lgth;> njhopy; njhlq;Fgth; fpuhk eph;thf mYtyhplk; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;G gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
fhty; epiyak;:
=,uhkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpypd; tlf;F gFjpapYk; jpUney;Ntyp ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapd; mUfhikapy; fhty;epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. gzFbia Rw;wp cs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F ,e;j XNu fhty;epiyak; kl;Lk; jhd; cs;sJ. ,q;F Fw;wthspfis milj;J itf;Fk; miwAk; cs;sJ.
jghy; epiyak;:
gzFbapd; nghpa njUtpy; jghy; epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j jghy; epiyaj;jpy; fbjk; nfhz;L nry;yTk;> rpW Nrkpg;G fl;Tk;> njhiyNgrp fl;lzk; fl;Ltjw;Fk; ,e;j jghy; epiyaj;Jf;F jhd; nry;yNtz;Lk;. gzFb kf;fs; Nrkpg;G fzf;Ffs; itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
56
IV . gzFb tl;lhu rkaepiy
rkaepiyia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; kf;fs; gytpj kj topghLfis nfhz;l kf;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. fpwp];jth;fs; Njthyaq;fSf;F nrdW ,NaR fpwp];Jit topgl;ldh;. ,e;;Jf;fs; gytpjkhd .e;J flTis topg;gl;ldh;. K];yPk;fs; k#jpf;F nrd;W my;yhit topg;gl;ldh;. Mth;fSf;F gl;lhzp, K];yPk; nyg;ig K];yPk; vd ,uz;L k#jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,uz;L kR+jpapYk; Ie;J Kiw njhOif eilngw;WtUfpeJ.
=,uhkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpy;.
=,uhkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; jpUNfhtpy;. gzFbapy; cs;sJ. mJ ,e;jpahtpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd it\;zt Nfhtpy; MFk;. ,q;F rptd; tp\;Z Rthkpf;F topghL el;f;fpwJ..mJ ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;Yk; neLQ;rhiyapy; fhty; epiyak; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhtpypd; mUfhikapy; jhd; gzFb Ng&e;J epiyak; cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhtpypd; Kfg;G fpof;F Nehf;fp mike;Js;sJ.1
,f;Nfhtpypd; Kd;gf;fk; njg;gf;Fsk; xd;W cs;sJ. ,f;Fsj;jpd; fpo; jpirapy;; xU fiyauq;fk; cs;sJ. jpUtpoh fhyq;fspy; ,f;fiyauq;fpy; fiyepfo;r;rp eilngWk;. (tl ,e;jpah;fs; ,f;Nfhapiy Nrhl;lh ehuhazh vd;W $Wthh;fs;.
1. Neh;fhzy; :
“Nrhl;lh ehuhazh vd;why; rpwpa ehuhazd; vd;W nghUs;gLk;) ,e;j jftiy nfhLj;jth;fs; rpd;diahgps;is2 nyl;Rkz; nrlbahh; Mthh;fs;. ,f;Nfhtpypd; cl;gFjpapy; rpwpa it\;zt NfhtpYk; cs;sJ.3
ypq;fk;.
,uhkh; Nfhtpiy fl;Lthw;fhf ,uhNk];tuj;jpypUe;J ypq;fk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L gpujp\;il nra;ag;gl;lJ NkYk; ,uhkd; tzq;fpa ypq;fk; vd;gjhy; ,uhkypq;fk; vd ngah;ngw;wJ.irth;fSk; itzth;fSk; ,f;Nfhtpiy topg;gl;ldh;.Vndd;why; mhpAk; rptDdk; xd;W mjid mhpahjth; thapy; kz;Z vd;W $Wthh;fs;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; rptidAk; tp\;ZitAk; topg;gl;ldh;.4
Nfhtpypd; tuyhW :
fp.gp. 14-k; E}w;whz;by; njd;fhrpia Ml;rp nra;j cj;jk ghz;bad; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd; gzFbapy; Nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ Nfhtpypy; tre;j kz;lgk; rpwg;G mikAkhWk; nra;jhh;. ,jdhNyNa Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gzFb ‘cj;jkghz;baGuk;’ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.5
,k;kd;dd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd; ypq;f topghL eilngw;wJ. ,ijg;gw;wp ,f;Nfhtpypy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,f;Nfhtpy; ek;gprpq;fngUkhs; Nfhtpy; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ ghz;ba kd;dd;jhd; ,f;Nfhtpiy fl;bdhd; vd;gjw;F milahskha; Nfhtpypd; ntspNa cs;s rg;guj;jpd; cah;e;j Nky;jsg;gFjpapy; kPd; rpd;dk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sNj fhuzkhFk;.
2. Neh;fhzy; : rpd;diahgps;is- Njjp :
3. Neh;fhzy; : nyl;Rkz nrl;bahh;- Njjp :
,f;Nfhtpypd; mbg;gFjpapy; xU Ruq;fg;ghij cs;sJ; ,e;j Ruq;fg;ghij jpU ,Uja rNfhjuh; gs;spapd; gpd;Gwk; cs;s fpzw;wpy; KbtilfpwJ.vd;W $Wthh;fs;. ,e;j Ruq;fghijia kd;dh;fs; mtru fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
topghLfSk; jpUtpohf;fSk;:
,f;Nfhtpypy; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf %d;W G+i[fs; eilngw;wd. mJ epj;jpak; nea;epj;jpak; kw;Wk; fkpak; MFk; epj;jpak; vd;gJ jpdKk; eilngWk; G+i[ MFk; nea;epj;jpak; vd;gJ kf;fspd; xw;Wikf;fhf nra;ag;gLk; G+i[ MFk;. fkpyk; vd;gJ Mz;fs; ngz;fs; vd;W jdpahf eilngWk; G+i[fs; MFk;.6
epj;jpa G+i[ eilngWk; Neuk; fhiy 8 kzpapypUe;J 8.30 kzp tiu eilngWk;. ,J fhyr;re;jp G+i[ vdTk; $wg;gLk;. fhiy Neu G+i[apd; NghJ kf;fs; fhiyapy; ePuhbtpl;L flTSf;F jPghuhjid fhl;b nea;tpsf;F Vw;wp GspNahjiu gilj;J tzq;Fthh;fs;.
cr;rp fhy G+i[ :
fhiy 11 kzp Kjy; 11;.30 kzp tiu G+i[ eilngWk;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; jPghuhjid eilngWk; ,e;j topghL Kbe;j cld; Nfhtpypd; eil milf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dh; khiyapy; 4.30 kzpf;F jpUk;gTk; Nfhtpy; eil jpwf;fg;gLk;.
4. Neh;fhzy;
5.T.jkpo;Fkuz;- gzFb kyh; :g.10 - 1994
6. . Neh;fhzy; : Nfhtpapy; G+rhhp : Njjp :
khiyNeu G+i[ :
khiy Neuk; eilngWk; G+i[ irauh[ G+i[ MFk;. khiy 6 kzp Kjy; 6.30 kzp tiu jPgq;fs; fhl;b nea;tpsf;F Vw;Wthh;fs; gpd;dh; jpUk;gTk; Nfhtpypd; eil 8.30 kzpastpy; G+l;lg;gLk;.7
jpUtpohf;fs; :
ij khjk; nghpa jpUtpohf;fs; eilngWk; xt;nthU rKjhaj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf jpUtpoh elj;Jthh;fs;. kf;fs; jq;fspd; epyj;jpy; tpise;j nghUl;fis nfhz;L te;J flTSf;F fhzpf;if nrYj;jpdhh;fs;.NkYk; gyh; jq;fspd; Ntz;Ljy; epiwNtwpaJk; jpUtpoh vLj;jdh;. tzpfh;fs; njhopy; mjpgh;fs; jq;fs; njhopypy; ntw;wp ngw;whYk; ngsh;zkp mkhthirapy; eilngWk; jopo; khjq;fspy; jhd; jpUtpoh eilngWk;.8
khjk; NjhWk; eilngWk; jpUtpohf;fs; :
rpj;jpiu khjk; rpj;jpu ngsh;zkp jpUtpoh eilngWk.; mg;NghJ 1008 jpUtpsf;F G+i[Ak; eilngWk;. itfhrp khjk; KUfngUkhDf;F itfhrp tprhfk; jpUtpoh eilngWk; Guhl;lhrp khjk; filrpapy; etuhj;jphp tpohTk; eilngWk; etuhj;jphp md;W mk;ghSf;F jpdKk; [g;grp khjk; jpUfy;ahzKk; jPghtsp gz;bifAk; eilngWk;.
7.
8.
fhh;j;jpif khjk; fe;jr\;bAk; jpUf;fhh;j;jpif jpUtpohTk; eilngWk; khh;fop khjk; jpUthjpiu kw;Wk; itFz;l Vfhjrp jpUtpohTk; eilngWk; NkYk; nghq;fy; gz;biff;F rpwg;G topghLfSk; eilngWk;.9
,t;thwhf xt;nthU khjKk; xt;nthU flTSf;F rpwg;G topghLfs; eilngWk; khrpkhjk; kfhrptuhj;jphp jpUtpoh eilngWk;.
thfdk; :
khjk; NjhWk; eilngWk; jpUtpoh rkaq;fspy; Nfhtpypy; thfdk; vLf;fg;gLk;. thfdj;ij G+f;fshy; myq;fhpj;J mjDs; flTspd; rpiyia itj;J gf;jh;fs; thfdj;ij kf;fs; jhprdj;Jf;fhf tPjp cyh nfhz;L nry;thh;fs;.
njg;gj; jpUtpoh :
ij khjk; xt;nthU tUlKk; gzFb ,uhkypq;f Rthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; Nfhtpypy; 10 ehs; jpUtpoh eilngWk; ,j;jpUtpohit njg;gj;jpUtpoh vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. ,j;jpUtpohit xt;nthU rKjhaj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; tpoh MFk;. xt;nthU rKjhaKk; ,j;jpUtpohit jq;fspd; nrhe;j gzj;ij itj;J jpUtpoh elj;Jthh;fs; ,j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ fufhl;lk;, kapyhl;lk,; Nghd;w fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
jpUtpohtpd; NghJ tPjpfspy; filfs; mikf;fg;gLk;. vy;;yh ,dk;, kjk;, kf;fSk; ,j;jpUtpohtpy; gq;nfLg;gh;fs;. jpUtpoh rkaj;jpy; njUf;fid Rj;jk; nra;thh;fs;. Nfhtpy; gOJ ghh;f;fg;gl;L th;zk; G+rg;gLk;Nfhtpiy Rw;wpYk; kpd;tpsf;Ffshy; myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.1
gj;J ehs; jpUtpoh:
Kjy; ehs; jpUtpoh nfhbNaw;wj;Jld; Muk;gk; MFk;. ,j;jpUtpohit fpU\;z gps;is vd;gth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. ,th;fs; 5 tPl;L gps;iskhh;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLthh;fs;. ,j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ gfypy; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk;. ,utpy; mk;ghs; thfdj;jpy; jpUtPjp cyh tUthh;.
,uz;lhk; ehs; jpUtpohit ehlhh; rKjhaj;jpdh; elj;Jthh;fs;. fhiy 8 kzpastpy; Rthkpf;F rpwg;G topghL eilngWk;. Gpd;dh; Rthkp mk;ghs; gy;yf;fpy; jpU tPjp Rw;wp tUthh;. gpd;dh; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk. ,utpy; rpwg;G MuhjidAk; mk;ghs; hp;\g thfdj;jpy; tPjp cyh Rw;wptUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. gpd;dh; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
%d;whk; jpUtpoh Mjpjpuhtpl r%jhaj;jpdh; elj;jJthh;fs; fhiy rpwg;G MuhjisAk; 8 kzpastpy; mk;ghs; gy;yf;fpy; tPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. gpd;dh; fiy epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWk;.
ehd;fhk; ehs; jpUtpohit nrl;bah; r%fj;jpdh; elj;jJthh;fs; ,th;fs; jpUtpohtpd; NghJk; Nkw;fz;l midj;J epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWk;.
Ie;jhk; ; ehs; jpUtpohit ahjth; r%fj;ij Nrh;le;j kf;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. ,th;fs; jpUtpohtpd; NghJk; Nkw;fz;l midj;J epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWk;. NkYk; fUlhthfdj;jpy; =Njtp G+khNjtp ek;gprpq;f nghUkhs; jpUtPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;.
Mwhk; ehs; jpUtpohit Mrhhp r%fj;ij Nrh;e;j kf;fs; elj;Jthh;fs; fhiy 8 kzpastpy; mk;ghs; jpUtPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; gfypy Fk;ghgpN\fk; ,utpy; mk;ghs; ahid md;dk; thfdj;jpy; jpUtPjp cyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;.
Vohk; ehs; ;. jpUtpohit nts;shsh; r%fj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. rpwg;G topghlhf fhiyapy; rghgjp kz;lgj;jpw;F vOe;jUay; epfo;r;rpAk; gpd;dh; gy;yf;fpy; Rthkp jPUtPjp vyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;. gpd;dh; Fk;ghgpN\fKk; ,utpy; mk;ghs; eluj[h; jpUtP cyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;.
vl;lhk; jpUtpohit Njth; r%jhaj;ij rhh;e;jthh;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. mg;NghJ fhiyapy; mk;ghs; rpk;khrdj;jpy; jpUtPjp cyh tUk; epfo;r;rpAk; gfypy; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk;.gpd;dh; ,uT mk;ghs; eluh{h; tPjp cyhtUk; epfo;r;rpAk; Fjpiu thfdj;jpy; KUfg;ngUkhd; ghpNtlilf;F Gwg;gLjy; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWk;
xd;gjhk; ehs; jpUtpohit Kjypahh; r%jhaj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. md;W jhd; NjhNuhl;lk; eilngWk; Njhiu ed;F G+f;fshy; myq;fhpj;J GJg;nghypTld; itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,j;Njhpy; mk;ghs; tpehafh; jpUtPjp Rw;wp tUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. ,utpy; Rthkp mk;ghs; G+g;gy;yf;fpy; jpUtPjp cyhtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. NjNuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ vy;yh rhjp kj kf;fSk; Nrh;e;Nj Njiu ,Og;ghh;fs; mg;NghJ vy;NyhUk; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ug;gh;.
gj;jhk; ehs; jpUtpohit %g;gdhh; r%jhaj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; elj;Jthh;fs;. fhiyapy; mk;ghs; gy;yf;fpy; tPjp cyh Rw;wtUk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. gpd;dh; jPh;j;jthhpAk; gfypy; Fk;ghgpN\fk; eilngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ njg;gj;jpy; mk;ghs; vOe;jUSk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. me;j rkaj;jpy; NfhGuj;jpd; Kd;gFjpapy; cs;s Fk;gj;Jf;F mgpN\fk; nra;thh;fs; mg;NghJ Nfhtpy; GJg;gpf;fg;gLk;.5
md;djhdk;:
=,ujkypq;fRthkp rptfhkp mk;ghs; jpU Nfhtpypy; jpUtpoh fhyq;fypy; jpzKk; gfy; 12 kzpf;F md;djhdk; eilngWk;. mg;NghJ Vio vspa kf;fs; tajhdth;fSk; fye;J md;djhdj;ij rhg;gpl;Lkfpo;th;.
IV. k#jpfs;
,];yhkpah;fs;:
gzFbapy; ,];yhkpah;fs; nyg;ig K];yPk;> gl;lhzp K];yPk; ,U gphpthf cs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; flikfSk;> topghLk; XNu khjphpahf cs;sd. ,];yhkpah;fspd; flik Ie;J tifahFk;. mit:
6. Fypkh
7. .njhOif
8. .Nehd;G
9. .[hfj;
10. .`[;[p
,e;j klikfs; Ie;Jk; xt;nthU K];yPk;fspd; flikahFk;. kdpjd; thOk; ehl;fs; KOtJk; mtd; filgpbf;f NTz;ba flikfshFk;. ,e;j flikfis filgpbg;gth;fs; my;yh`;tpd; mUis ngw;wth;fs; Mthh;fs;. mJ kl;kpy;yhky; cz;ikahd K];yPk; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLthh;fs;.
1.fypkh:
fypkh nrhy;tJ kdpjdpd; Kjw;flikahFk;. fypkh vd;gJ K];yPk; kf;fspd; flikfspd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;. mjhtJ Mz;ltid cah;thf; $WtjhFk;. Mz;ltd; xUtNd MFk;. ,e;j fypkh Foe;ij tha; Ngr njhl;q;Fk; ehspy; ,Ue;J mtd; tho;ehs; filrp tiuapYk; xt;nthU kdpjDk; $wNtz;ba flikahFk;.
2.njhOif:
njhOif ,];yhkpahpd; ,uz;lhtJ flikahFk;. Foe;ijfspd; 7taJ Kjy; tho;ehs; KOtJk; kdpjd; kPJ njhOif flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Xt;nthU ehSk; 5 Neuk; njhOifahdJ Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhOifahdJ my;yhit epidj;J gpuhhj;jid nra;tJ MFk;. njhOifapd; NghJ kdpjd; cly;> cil> ciwtplk; midj;Jk; Rj;jkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mJkl;Lkpy;yhky; kdKk; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L nkf;fh ,Uf;Fk; jpirahd Nkw;F Nehf;fp epd;w epiyapy; njhOifia kdpjd; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. njhOifahdJ mtd; clYf;Fk; ey;yJ. mtDila ghtq;fisAk; khw;Wk; vd;gJ tof;fkhFk;.
3.Nehd;G:
Nehd;G K];yPk;fspd; flikfspy; %d;whtJ flikahFk;. ,jid tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw uk;rhd; khjk; KOtJk; filgpbf;fNtz;Lk;. uk;rhd; khjk; K];yPk;fspd; ed;ik juf;$ba khjkhFk;
,e;j khjj;jpy; K];yPk;fs; jd; ghtq;fis epidj;J gpuhh;j;jid nra;jhy; mtDila ghtq;fs; midj;Jk; my;yh`;`Pjhyh kd;dj;J ed;ikiaf; nfhLf;Fk; khjk; MFk;.
Mjdhy; ,e;j khjj;jpy; K];yPk;fs; mjpfkhd gpuhhj;jidfisAk;> edlikfisAk; nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,e;j khjj;jpy; trjp gilj;jth;fs; ,y;yhj Vio kf;fSf;Fk;> jd; FLk;gj;jpy; Vio ahuhtJ ,Ue;jhy; mth;fSf;Fk; gy cjtpfis mjpfkhf nra;aNtz;Lk;.
Nehd;G filgbf;Fk; tpjk;:
Xt;nthU ,];yhkpaUk; Nehd;G Muk;gpf;Fk; Neuk; mjpfhiy 4 kzpastpy; Nehd;G filgpbj;Jtpl;L md;W gfy; KOtJk; jz;zPh;> czT
rhg;gpLjy; $lhJ. NkYk; jtwhd Ngr;Rfs;> jtwhd gof;f tof;fq;fs; mj;jidAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp jk; ehitAk;> kdijAk; xUepiyf;F itj;J ey;yij epidj;J ey;yijNa nra;aNtz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; khiy 6 kzpf;F gpwF Nehd;ig jz;zPh; Fbj;J Kbj;J nfhs;thh;fs;.
Nehd;G vd;gJ Vioapd; tapW grpiaAk; cly; tUj;jj;ijAk; nry;te;jh;fs; czh;e;J ViofSf;F cjtp nra;J thoNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Nehd;G jpwe;j gpd;G fQ;rpia Fbj;J kfpo;thh;fs;.
cly; rhpapy;yhj kf;fs;>rpW Foe;ijfs; Kjph;e;j tajhdth;fs;>fw;gpdpngz;fs; gazk; nra;gth; Nghd;wth;fs; Nehd;G gpbf;ftpl;lhYk; ve;jtpj gpur;ridfSk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; kw;wth;fs; kz;bg;ghf Nehd;G filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.[fhj;:
[fhj; vd;gJ jhdk;> jh;kk;>nra;tJ MFk;. Xt;nthU KdpjDk; jhd; rk;ghjpf;Fk; gzk;.nry;tk;> nghd;> nghUs; Nghd;wtw;iw jh;kk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gzk;> nry;tk;> nghd;> nghUs; xt;nthd;iwAk; %d;W gq;F itj;J mjpy; xU gq;if Vio vspNahh;f;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;gJ ,];yhkpah;fspd; flik MFk;.
5.tw[;[p:
tw[;[p vd;gJ K];yPk;fspd; Ie;jhtJ flikahFk; tw[;[p vd;gJ Gdpj ahj;jpiuahFk;. mjhjtJ trjp gilj;jth;fSk;> cly; epiy MNuhf;fpakhdth;fSk; if> fhy;>Rfk; cs;sth;fSk; fz;bg;ghf tw[;[p nra;tJ ,];yhj;jpd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;.
Viokf;fs; trjptha;g;G ,y;yhjth;fs; cly;epiy FiwAs;sth;fs; tw[;[p nry;y tha;g;gpy;iy vd;whYk; mth;fs; jhq;fs; nra;j ghtq;fis jhq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhYk; mth;fSila tho;ehspy; nra;j ghtq;fs; mij;Jk; kwe;JtpLk;. Mdhy; trjptha;g;G cs;sth;fSf;F fz;bg;ghf tw[;[p nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
Fh; Md;:
Fh; Md; K];yPk;fspd; GdpjE}y; MFk;. mJ kpfTk; cah;thd my;yhtpd; jpUkiw xt;nthU kdpjDk; vg;gb tho;e;jhh;fs;. tho Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; mJ tpsf;fpd;wJ xt;nthU %];yPk; kf;fSk; Fh; Mid fz;bg;ghf Xj Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; Neha;f;fhd kUe;Jk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpUkzk;:
,];yhkpah;fs; tujl;rid ,y;yhky; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth;fspd; fl;lha flik MFk;. jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s NghFk; khg;gps;is tPl;lhh;fs; ngz; tPl;lhhplk; vJTk; tujl;rizahf thq;ff;$lhJ. NkYk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s NghFk; khg;gps;is jhd; ngz;Zf;F eif> gzk; vy;yhk; nfhLj;J jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,];yhj;jpd; jpUkzk; nuhk;g Mlk;gukhf nra;J nfhs;skhy; vspikahfj; jhd; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; flikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; MZk;> ngz;Zk; jpUkzk; md;W jhyp fl;Lk; NghJ jhd; xUtiu xUth; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sthh;fs;. kzg;ngz;fSf;F tajhd ngz; jhd; jhypfl;Lthh;fs;.
gh;jh Kiw:-
,];yhj;jpd; rl;lg;gb xt;nthU %];yPk; ngz;fSk; gh;jh fz;bg;ghf mzpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntspNa nry;Yk; ngz;fs; gh;jh mzpahtpl;lhYk; mth;fSila jiyAk;> NjhSk; ntspNa njhpahky; xU Jzpahy; %bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gh;jh Kiwia ,];yhkpa ngz;fSf;F flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,];yhkpah;fspd; gz;bif:-
cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s ,];yhkpah;fs; nfhz;lhLk; gz;bif kpyhbegp> Kfuk;gz;bif> uk;rhd;> gf;hPj; gz;biffs; MFk;. ,e;j gz;bifapd; NghJ ,];yhkpah;fs; Gj;jhil cLj;jp njhOif elj;jptpl;L jq;fspd; tPl;by; nra;Ak; czT> gz;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw kw;w rhjpapdhpy; jdf;F ,Uf;Fk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; jq;fspd; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; nfhLj;J kfpo;thh;fs;. uk;rhd; gz;bifapd; NghJ ,];yhkpah;fs; Nehd;G Kwpf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; jhd; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; tho;j;J nrhy;yp kfpo;thh;fs;.
gzFbapy; ,uz;L gphpitr; rhh;e;j K];yPk;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. xd;W gl;lhzp K];yPk;fs; . mth;fspd; jha;nkhop cUJ MFk;. kw;nwhd;W nyg;ig K];yPk;fs; mth;fspd; jha;nkhop jopo; MFk;.
gzFbapy; K];yPk;fs; Rkhh; 250 tPLfs; cs;sd. ,th;fs; jd;j;jdpahf k#jpf;F nrd;W topgl;ldh;. cUJ Ngrf;$ba gl;lhzp K];yPk;fSf;F; gzFb nkapd; Nuhl;bd; fpof;F gFjpapy; k#jp mike;Js;sJ.,q;F jpdKk; 5 Kiw njhOif eilngWk;.
jpdKk; #hpa cjaj;jpw;F Kd; kjpak; khiy #hpad; m];jkhd Neuk; ,uT vd [e;J Ntisfspy; nkf;fh Nehf;fp epd;W nry;yg;gl;l cly;epiyfspy; ,iwtid njho Ntz;Lk; vy;yh NtiyfspYk; njhKiff;nfd eph;zapf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; $b njho Ntz;Lk; MZk; ngz;Zk; Nrh;e;J njhKif nra;a mDkjp fpilahJ nts;spfpoik tpN\r njhKif eilngWk;.NkYk; nyg;ig K];]Pk;fSk; [e;J Kiw njhKif elj;Jfpd;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fspd; k#jp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;k#jp njw;F njd;Nkw;F gFjpapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,th;fSk; nts;spf;fpoikapy; rpwg;G njhKif nra;fpd;wdh;.
fpwp];Jt Myaq;fs;:
gzFbapy; fpwp];Jt Myaq;fs; ,uz;L tpjkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. xd;W fj;Njhypf;f jpUrig MFk;. ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;fpd;w gzFb neLQ;rhiyapy; njd;gFjpapy; Gdpj #irag;gh; Myak; cs;sJ. Gdpj me;jpNuah Myak; cs;sJ Gspakuj;J g];];lhg; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,it njd;dpe;jpa jpUr;rig (CSI) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
Gdpj #irag;gh; Myak;:
Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;ij topgLgth; fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];jth;fs; Mthh;fs; ,th;fs; R.C fpwp];jth;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLth;. ,f;Nfhtpypd; Kd; kz;lgj;ij #irehjh; fl;bdhh;. 1995-k;Mz;L Myak; kzpf;$z;bd; Nky; Njtrfhak; vd;gtuhy; jpU ,Uja ,NaRtpd; cUtk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ,
Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpd; tuyhW :
,q;F tho;e;j ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; Kfkjpah;fs; fpwp];jth;fshf ,Ue;jth;fs;.ngUk;ghYk; ehlhh; kf;fs; Mthh;. gpd;dh; gidNaWk; njhopy; nra;tjw;fhf ehlhh; fj;Njhypf;f kf;fs; rhj;jhd; Fsk; tlf;fd; Fsk; fs;sp Fsk; Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ,q;F Fbngah;e;J te;jdh;.
fpwp];Jt kf;fs; midtUk; trpg;gjw;fhf Rthkp fpuNfhhp 1870-k; Mz;L gzFbf;Fj; njw;Nf 5 Vf;fh; epyk; thq;fp mjpy; mth; xU rpw;whyj;ij mikj;jhh;.
mjidg; Gdpj #irag;gUf;F mh;g;gzpj;jhh; Mdhy; Mya eph;thfk; Myaj;jpy; n[gpj;jy; ghLjy; ,it gw;wp ehlhh; fj;jpf;fhuh; Mfpa ,U r%fj;jpdhpilNa jfuhW Vw;gl;lJ mikjp Vw;gLj;j tlf;fd;Fsk; gq;FFUthf ,Ue;j Rthkp G+Nf 1894-k; Mz;L fj;jpf;fhuh;fs; jq;fSf;F vd;W Myak; xd;W mikf;f mDkjp toq;fpdhh;.
,jd;%yk; rpYit tbtpy; mike;j Myak; khpyhtpd; mky cw;gj;jpf;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehlhh; fpwp];jth;fs; topghL nra;J te;j Gdpj #irag;gh; Myak; 1892-k; Mz;by; nghpjhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; ,U jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa rkhjhdk; Vw;gl;lJ gq;FFU jdJ trjpNghy; ,uz;L Myaq;fspYk; khwp khwp jpUg;gyp epiwNtw;wpdhh;. ,uz;L Mya topghLfspYk; ,U jug;gpdUNk gq;F ngw;wdh;.
gzFbNahL ,ize;j rpw;Wh;fspy; tlyptpis, FkhuGuk; flk;gd;Fsk; ,G\;gtdk,; kw;Wk; Nuh];kpah Guk; ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdit tlyptpisapy; gujh;fs; tho;e;jdh;. flk;gd; Fsj;jpy; thOk; ehlhh; kf;fs; Rthkp nfsrhdy; kde;jpUk;gpdhh; mq;Fs;s rpw;whyak;. gzFb Myak; 1939-k; Mz;L brk;gh; 24-k; Njjp jdpg;gq;fhdJ.
7.cg Myaq;fs;:
G\;gtdj;jpy; Foe;ij njurk;khs; Myak; cs;sJ. tlf;FNtg;gpshd;Fsj;jpy; Gdpj me;Njhzpahh; MyaKk; Nuh];kpahGuj;jpy; kpf;Nfy;iyah MyaKk; tlyptpisay; Gdpj rNthhpah; MyaKk;
Gd;dpatjp Myak; FUrbapYk; ,jstha;Guj;jpy; khjh MyaKk; gzFbapd; #irag;gh; Myaj;jpd; cg Myaq;fs; MFk;.
1983-y; jpU ,Uja rNfhjuh;fshy; xU Myak; fl;lg;gl;lJ mjd;gpwF mJ 1988-k; Mz;L gs;sp$lkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ Kjy; jlitahf muR Njh;T vKjpdhh;fs;. ,r;rkaj;jpy; MNuhf;fpa gPl;lh; gq;F FUthf ,Ue;jhh; mg;NghJ jhd; ,e;j gs;spapd; %yk; Mz;LNjhWk; Vuhskhd Vio khzt khztpah; gad;ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;.
ghlfh; FK:
jpUg;gypapid rpwg;ghf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F cjTk; tifapy; ghlfh; FO xd;W cs;sJ Vwf;Fiwa 11 ngz;fSk; 8 Mz;fSk; nfhz;l ghlfh; FO ghly; ghLfpd;wdh; ghl;bw;F Vw;g jhsk; ,irf;f ,irf;fUtpfSk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. jpUtpohtpd; NghJ Gjpa ghly;fs; cUthf;fp tpohtit ghlfh; FOtpdh; NkYk; nkUNfw;Wth;.
gPlr;rpWth;fs;:
jpUg;gypf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J Vw;ghLfis jpUg;gyp Neuj;jpy; gq;F je;ijf;F cjt rpWth;fs; cs;sdh; .,th;fs; gPlj;ij Rw;wp epd;W jpUg;gypf;F cjtp nra;th; J}gk; fhl;Ljy; jPgk; Vw;Wjy; Nghd;w gzpfisAk; nra;thh;fs; .,th;fspy; jiyikahd xUth; gq;Fje;ijapd; midj;J fhhpaq;fspYk; Jiz epw;ghh; mth; cgNjrpahh; vd;W miof;fg;gLthh;. Myak; kw;Wk; jpUg;gypapd; midj;J nghWg;GfisAk; gq;F je;ijf;F mLj;jgbahf ,tNu ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;.
Rigfs;:
1) ghyh; rig - rpWth;fs; kl;Lk; gq;F nfhs;thh;fs;
2) ew;fUiz tPuh;riy – 6 Kjy; 12-k; tFg;G tiu cs;s khzth;fs; kl;Lk; gq;F nfhs;thh;fs;.;
3) khjh rig - ,sk; ngz;fs; kl;Lk; gq;F nfhs;th; ,th;fspd; gzp Myaj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;Jjyl MFk;.
4) jpUf;FLk;g rig - jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; kl;Lk;
5) ,isQh; rig - ,isQh;fs; kl;Lk; fye;J nfhs;thh;fs;
6) Gdpj #irag;gh; ew;gzp kd;wk; - jpUkzkhd Mz;fs; kl;Lk;
7). tpd;nrd; Njghy; rig - cjtp nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL cUthf;fg;gl;L rpwe;j Kiwapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ fy;tpr; nryT kUj;Jtr; nryT kw;Wk; ,ju trjpfs; midj;Jk; ,th;fshy; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpwJ.
md;gpaq;fs;:
njUTf;F xd;W vd;w tifapy; md;gpaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L 26 md;gpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j md;gpaq;fs; md;gpid ntspgLj;jp kf;fs; xw;Wikahf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;NfhL cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. QhapW NjhWk; khiy [e;J kzpastpy; md;gpaf; $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; njUtpy; cs;s midtUk; VjhtJ xUth; tPl;by; xd;whf $b el;GwNthL n[gpg;ghh;fs;.
rig $l;;lq;fs; :
mkNyhw;gt khjh rigahdJ QhapW NjhWk; khiy 4 kzpastpy; eilngWk; midj;J ,sk; ngz;fSk; xd;W $b n[gpg;ghh;fs;.
QhapW kiwf; fy;tp :
QhapW NjhWk; fhiy 8 kzpastpy; jpUg;gyp Kbe;jJk; 8.15 kzpastpy; khzth;fSf;F kiwf;fy;tp tFg;Gfs; eilngWk; tUlj;jpy; xU Kiw mjhtJ Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; kiwf;fy;tpj; Njh;Tfs; eilngWk; ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSf;F ghpRfs; toq;fp nfsutpg;ghh;fs;.
tpohf;fs;:
nghq;fy;tpoh, Mq;fpytUl gpwg;G, fpwp];J gpwg;G tpoh, <];lh;, jkpo; tUlg;gpwg;G Nghd;w tpohf;fSk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. Gdpj #irag;gh;f;F gj;J ehl;fs; jpUtpoh tUle;NjhWk; Vg;uy; 22 Kjy; Nk 1 tiu eilngWk;. mNj Nghd;W xt;nthU tUlKk; Mf];l; 30-k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 8-k; Njjp tiu MNuhf;fpa khjh jpUtpoh ehl;fs; eilngWk;. xt;nthU ehSk; fhiyapy; jpUg;gypAk; khiyapy; MuhjidAk; eilngWk;. Myaj;jpd; ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; khjhit gagf;j;jpNahL Muhjid nra;J topgLthh;fs; mr;rkaj;jpy; Myaq;fis Rw;wp Vuhskhd myq;fhuq;fs; nra;thh;fs; kf;fs; iffspy; nkOFth;j;jp Vw;wp Myaj;ij Rw;wp tUthh;fs;.
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; khh;r; khjj;ij Gdpj #irag;gUf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf tpoh nfhz;lhLthh;fs;.
,j;jpUtpoh cyfj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh #irag;gh; Myaj;jpYk; eilngWk;. #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; cs;s cWg;gpdh;fs; xU FKthf Njh;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;.
gzFbapy; nkhj;jk; 800 f;F Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];jth;fshf cs;sdh;. etk;gh; 8-k; Njjp Kjy; brk;gh; 7 tiu khjh Myaj;jpy; Muhjid eilngWk; jpUtpoh rkaj;jpy; #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njh;gtdp khjh Myak; tiu vLj;J nry;yg;gLk;. Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; vd;d topghL Muhjid eilngWNkh mNj Nghd;W khjh Myaj;jpYk; Muhjhid topghL eilngWk;. mg;NghJ vy;yh kf;fSk; topghl;by; fye;J nfhs;thh;fs;.
,NaR fpwp];J 40 ehl;fs; f\;lg;gLthh; ,e;j ehl;fis nyd;e;J ehl;fs; vd;W miog;gh;. ,jid fj;Njhypf;f kf;fs; mDrhpg;ghh;fs;. ,e;j ehl;fspd; NghJ fpwp];jth;fs; tpujk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;
FUj;J xiy QhapW gz;bif md;W kf;fs; midtUk; njd;idkuj;jpd; FUj;J xiyia gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L tPjp tPjpahf xrd;dh xrd;dh vd;W $wpf; nfhz;Nl nry;Ythh;fs;. mjd; gpd;dh; nghpa tpahod; nghpa nts;sp ehl;fisAk; kf;fs; Gdpjkhf mDrhpg;ghh;fs;.
Xt;nthU khjk; Kjy; Gjd; fpoik md;W gzFb Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; fhiy 11 kzpf;F jpUg;gypAk; khiy 6 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etzy; n[gk; ew;fUiz MrPh;thjk; gtdp mjid njhlh;e;J Fzkspf;Fk; etehs; jpUg;gypAk; eilngWk;.
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; brk;gh; 24-k; Njjp eL ,utpy; 11.30 kzpastpy; jpUg;gyp njhlq;Fk; rhpahf 12 kzpf;F fpwp];k]; ghliy ghb fpwp];Jk]; jpUg;gyp eilngWk; ;brk;gh 25-k; Njjpia fpwp];J gpwg;ghf nfhz;lhLfpd;whh;fs;. md;W ,uT Myaj;jpy; gytpjkhd epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
31 –k; Njjp ,uT 11.30 kzpf;F rhpahf GJtUl Muhjid eilngWk; [dthp 1 fpwp];jth;fs; Gj;jhil mzpe;J gl;lhR ntbj;J kfpo;thh;fs; md;W kjpak; 2.30 kzpf;F gytpisahl;L Nghl;bfs; rpWth;fSf;Fk; nghpath;fSf;Fk; eilngWk;. mg;NghJ ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSf;F ghpRfs; toq;fg;gLk;.
nfgpfs;:-
gzFb #irag;gh; jpUj;jyj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; nfgpfs; cs;sd. Xd;W Nthshq;fz;zp khjhnfgp ,e;j nfgp 1990 – y; gq;Fj;je;ij gd;dPh; nry;tk; mth;fs; mikj;jhh;. kw;nwhd;W Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; nfgp ,e;j ,uz;L nfgpfspYk; rpwpa jpUtpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
nfhbkuk;:-
1947 – y; gq;Fje;ij nuk;[pa+]; k]pah; mth;fshy; Njf;Fkuf; nfhbkuk; mfw;wg;gl;L xw;iwf;fy;ypy; Md nfhbkuk; ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;nfhbkuf;fiy ehd;F khl;Ltz;bfs; xd;whf G+l;b nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,g;gb fy;nfhbkuk; cyfj;jpNyNa gzFbapYk;> n[UrNykpYk; cs;sJ.
gj;J ehs; jpUtpoh:
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; gzFb Gdpj #irag;gh; Myaj;jpy; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. Vg;uy; khjk; 22k; Njjp nfhbNaw;wp Nk 1-k; Njjp jpUtpoh KbAk;. 10 ehl;fSk; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohit fpuhkj; jpUtpoh vd;Wk; miog;gh;. NkYk; [dthp 5 – k; Njjp Gdpj me;Njhzpahh;nfgp jpUtpoh nkhj;jk; 13 ehl;fs; eilngWk;.
Kjy; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpastpy; gtdpAk; mij njhlh;e;J $l;Lj;jpUg;gypAk; eilngWk;. jtwhd Kiwapy; eilngw;w jpUkzq;fs; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. khiy 6 kzpf;F rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; nfhbNaw;wKk; 6.30 kzpastpy; n[gkhiy kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh;thjKk; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; QhapW kiwf;fy;tp Mrphpah;fs;> khzth;fs; toq;Fk; rpwg;G fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
,uhz;lhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> $l;Lj;jpUg;gypAk; eilngWk;. khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy> etehs;> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPUk; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; gzFb Gdpj tsdhh; Muk;gg;gs;sp khzt khztpfs; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
%d;whk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtzp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; gzFb Gdpj md;dhs; Nky;epiy gs;sp khzt khztpfs; toq;Fk; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
ehd;fhk; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtzp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtzp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; gzFb jpU ,Uja Nky;epiyg; gs;sp toq;Fk; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
Ie;jhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtzp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtzp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; Gdpj #irag;gh; ew;gzpkd;wk; elj;Jk; fiy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;.
Mwhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy gq;F ,isQh;fs; rig toq;Fk; ,d;dpirf; fr;Nrhp (my;yJ) ,isQh;fs; ehlfk;.
Vohk; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gypAk;> khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; Kk;ig tho; gzit kf;fs; ,ize;J toq;Fk; ,d;dpir tpUe;J.
vl;lhk; ehs; jpUtpoh fhiy 5.30 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gyp> kw;Wk; GJed;ik toq;Fk; rlq;F eilngWk;. khiy 6.30 kzpf;F n[gkhiy rpwg;G ew;fUizg;gtdp etehs;> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh;thjk;> ,jid GJed;ik ngWk; rpWth; rpWkpah;fs; rpwg;gpg;ghh;fs;.
xd;gjhk; ehs; jpUtpoh md;W fhiy 5.45 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp> jpUg;gypAk;> eilngWk;> jpUg;gyp Kbe;jTld; 8.30 kzpastpy; rpWFoe;ijfSf;F jpUKOf;F (Qhd];jhdk;> ngah; #l;Lk; epfo;r;rp) vd;Dk; rlq;F eilngWk;. ,uT 7 kzpf;F n[gkhiy> etehs;> Gdpjhpd; jpUTUtg;gtdp> kiwAiu> ew;fUiz MrPh; eilngWk;. ,uT 9 kzpastpy; tpaf;fitf;Fk; thzNtbf;iffs; eilngWk;. gpd;dh; 10 kzpastpy; Njh;gtdp tPjpia Rw;wptUk;. kWehs; mjpfhiy 4 kzpastpy; Myaj;jpw;f;Fs; Njh;fs; nfhz;L tug;gLk;.
gj;jhk; jpUtpoh fhiy 4.30 kzpf;F jpUg;gtdp jpUg;gypAk> gpd;dh; fhiy 6.30 kzpf;F jpUtpohj; jpUg;gypAk; Mlk;gu ngUtpoh $l;Lj; jpUg;gypAk; Njh;gtzpAk; eilngWk;. ,uT 6.30 kzpf;F etehs;> Gdpjhpd; gtdp> Njhpy; itj;J ew;fUiz MrPh;thjk;> eilngWk;. ,uT 9.30 kzpastpy; ,d;dpir fr;Nrhp eilngWk;.
gj;jhk; jpUtpoh epiwT ngw;wg;gpd; tUfpd;w Qhapw;Wf;fpoikapy; jpUg;gyp epiwT ngw;wJk; nfhbahdJ ,wf;fg;gLk;. jpUtpohtpd;NghJ xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU Ch;fspy; ,Ue;J gq;F je;ijah;fs; jpUtpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L kiwAiu kw;Wk; MrpAiuAk; toq;fp tpohit rpwg;gpg;ghh;fs;. mNj Nghd;W vl;L> xd;gJ kw;Wk; gj;jhk; ehs; jpUtpohtpd; NghJ NkjF Mah; mth;fs; tpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L tpohit rpwg;gpg;ghh;fs;.
Gdpj me;jpNuah Myak;:
Gdpj me;jpNuah Myak; gzFbapy; ,Ue;J ehfh;NfhtpYf;F nry;Yk; Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapy; mUfhikapy; Gspa kuj;J g]; ];lhg; gf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Myaj;jpd; tuyhW:
1891 – k; Mz;L gzFbia Nrh;e;j Njtrfhak; vd;gtuhy; fl;l ,lk toq;fg;gllJ. gpd;dh; ,uz;lhapuk; &gha; nrytpy; xU fy; Myak; fl;bdhh;. xU E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;G ,uz;lhapuk; &ghapd; kjpg;G ,g;NghJ ,Uklq;F mjpfkhFk;. gpd;dh; 1893 – y; ,e;j Myak; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Myak; FNshrg;Gfs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;> ehf;Fkzp> thrpg;Gg;gPlk;> ew;fUiz Nkir> jpUKOf;Fj.njhl;b> fbfhok;> FOkhh; Mrzq;fs; midj;Jk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. 1894 –k; Mz;L [dthp khjk; 5 – k; Njjp mUl;ngUe;jpU jpUthq;$h; Nguhah; mth;fshy; ,e;j Myak; gpujp~;il nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;j Myaj;ij C.S.I Myak; vd;W $Wthh;fs; ,e;j Myaj;ij topg;gLk; kf;fs; GNuhl;l];lhz;L fpwp];Jtkf;fs; Mthh;fs;. Njtyhaj;jpy; xt;nthU Qhapw;Wf;fpoik md;W jtwhky; Muhjid eilgngWk; ,e;j Muhjidapy; fpwp];Jt GNuhl;l];lhz;L kf;fs; fye;Jnfhs;thh;fs;. fpwp];Jk];. FUj;J Xiy QhapW <];lh; gz;biffs; Nghd;wit ,th;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];Jth;fis Nghd;w cUt topg;ghLk; flTspd; jpUTUtg;glq;fis itj;Jtopg;gLk; gof;fKk; ,th;fsplKk; ,y;iy GNuhl;l];lhz;L fpwp];Jth;fs; ,NaR ehjiu kl;Lk; topg;ghLthh;fs; Mdhy; fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];Jtkf;fs; ; ,NaR ehjhpd; jha; je;ijahiu topg;gLk; gof;fk; cilath;fs;.
fpwp];jth;fs; kw;wkjj;Jld; xw;WikAld; fhzg;gl;ldh;. Kw;w kjj;jpdhpd; gz;biffspYk; ,e;j kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpaHy; fye;Jf; nfhs;thh;. jPghtsp. fpwp];Jk];. uk;rhd;> nghq;fy;> Nghd;w gz;bifapd; NghJ jq;fSf;Fs; ,dpg;G gz;lq;fis gwpkhwpf; nfhs;th;. fy;tpia nghWj;jtiuapy; ,th;fs; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ldh;. ,g;NghJ nfhQ;rk; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
gFjp - 4
,irapd; gpwg;gplk; gzFb
“ Foy; ,dpJ aho;,dpJ vd;g jk;kf;fs;
koiyr;nrhy; Nfshjth;”
vd;gJ ts’Std; thf;F ……..
,ir Nrhh;e;j kdJf;F Gj;Jzh;Tk; ,jkhd RfKk; jUtjpy; ,irf;F epfh; NtW ,y;iy. Rhpfkgjep vd;w VO Ruq;fSf;Fs; vj;jid uhfq;fs;? mg;gg;gh…. tpaf;f itf;fpwJ. Fh;ehlf rq;fPjk; vd;wJk; ek; epidTf;F tUtJ Mh;Nkhdpa nglbjhd. “fhw;wpdpNy tUk; fPjk;…”vd;ghh;fs;.
fhw;wpy tUk; ehjj;ij xypahf;fp ,irahf;fp ,ir aikg;ghsh;fs; ghly; fk;Ngh]; nra;Ak; Kjy; ,irf;fUtp Mh;Nkhdpak; jhd;.
Rkhh; 100 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Kd;G gzFbapy; Rg;gpukzpa Mrhhp vd;gth; Mh;Nkhdpa nglbfis vUthf;f njhlq;fpdhh;
,d;W mtuJ Ngud;fs; kzpuh[Nfhghy; yl;Rkzd; KUfd; MfpNahh; kpFe;j rpuj;ij vLj;J Mh;Nkhdpa ngl;bfis tbtikf;fpwhh;fs;.,e;j Mh;Nkhdpaq;fs; gw;wp kzpuh[Nfhghyplk; Nfhl;l NghJ vq;f jhj;jh fhyj;Jy njhlq;fpa njhopiy vdJ je;ijf;F gpwF ehq;fs; nra;JtUfpd;Nwhk;.
hPl;]; ];gphpq; gyif vd 15 tpjkhd nghUl;fis nfhz;L Mh;Nkhdpangl;bia tbtikf;fpNwhk; h{l;]; ek;k gFjpapy; fpilf;fpwjpy;y
fpUghde;j thhpahh; ghuhl;L.
gzFb Mh;Nkhdpak; vd;why; kiwe;j jpUKUffpUghde;jthhpahUf;F myhjp gphpak; mtuJ nrhw;nghopT epfo;r;rpfSf;F gzFb Mh;Nkhdpaj;ijNa gad;gLj;JtJ tof;fk; . mtUf;fhf jdpf;ftdk; vLj;J #Ljy; mikg;Gld; cUthf;fp nfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.
. FIuhj;jpy; ,Ue;J mij thq;FfpNwhk; vd;whh;. 37 hPl;]; 41 hPl;]; 61 hPl;]; Nghd;w 4 tifahd Mh;Nkhdpaq;fis jahhpf;fpNwhk;.. vd;Wk; mth; 61 hPl;]; vd;gJ Myaq;fs; tpohf;fspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ghhpd; Mh;fhd; vd;fpwhh;. xU Mh;Nkhdpak; tbtikf;f Rkhh; 15 ehl;fs; tiy MFk;.
ntspehLfSf;F nry;Yk; Mh;Nkhdpak;
,q;F jahhpf;Fk; Mh;Nkhdpak; me;jkhd; yz;ld; mnkhhpf;fh Nghd;w gFjpfSf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,Jgw;wp ylRkzd; nrhy;Yk;NghJ yz;ld; kpA+rpaj;jpy; gzFb Mh;Nkhdpak; jahhpg;G Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; Gifg;glj;Jld; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;gJ Fwpg;gpljf;f xd;whFk;.
rh;r; Mh;fd;
Fpwp];jt Myaq;fspy; ,irf;Fk; rh;r; Mh;fd; vd;w rf;fpq; Mh;fd; njhd;dpe;jpshtpyNa gzFbapy;kl;Lk;jhd; jahhpf;fpwhh;fs;. nghJthf ,ej Mh;fd; jahhpf;f 1 khjk; tiu MfpwJ.
Gik;ngUik kpf;f ,e;j Mh;fd; jahhpg;Gk; jf;fNghJ Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. Myaq;fspy; me;j Mh;fid cgNahfpg;gjd; %yk; rh;r; Mh;fd; njhopiy ghJfhf;fyhk; vd $Wfps;whh;fs;.
gzFb kTR yz;ld; tiu:
,ir vd;whNy epidTf;F tUtJ ghl;Lk; Mh;nkhdpag; ngl;bfSk; jhd; rhjhuz etPd ,ir fr;Nrhp Kjy; nghpa ,ir tpohf;fs; elf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; Mh;nkhdpag; ngl;bfSf;F vd;W jdp kTR cz;L.etPd fk;g;a+l;lh; Afj;jpy; vj;jidNah tpjkhd vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf;fUtpfs; te;jhYk; Mh;nkhdpag; ngl;bfs; jhd; xU ,irf; fiyQDf;F m];jpthuk;. jkpo; ehl;by; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; jtpu Mh;fd; nra;Ak; njhopiy fle;j 4 jiyKiwfshf ney;iy khtl;lk; gzFbapy; kl;LNk nra;J tUfpd;wdh;.
ney;iy khtl;lk; gzFb vd;w xU rpwpa Chpy; ,Ue;J nra;ag;gLk; ,e;j ,irg;ngl;bfs; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkyy ntspehLfspYk; ,e;jpa ,iria vKg;gpf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd;. Vnddpy; ,e;jpa ,iria vKg;gpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuhj;jpd; rpwg;G mk;rkhd ‘fh;ehlf ,ir’ ia Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bapy; kl;Lk; jhd; ,irf;f KbAk;. ,irf;F Kd;Ndhbahd fhw;iw mbg;gilahf nfhz;L ,irapid vKg;Gk; ,f;;fUtpfis ,uz;L tiffshf gphpf;fyhk; Jthuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jp ,ir vKg;Gk; fUtpia ‘Mh;nkhdpak; vd;Wk; fhw;iw Jthuq;fs; %yk; cwpQ;rp ,ir vKg;Gk; fUtpia ‘Mh;fs;’ vd;Wk; gphpj;J $wyhk;. Mh;fdpy; Nkw;fpe;jpa ,iris kl;LNk vKg;g KbAk;. Mdhy; Mh;nkhdpaj;jpy; kl;Lk; jhd; fh;ehlf ,iria vKg;g KbAk; etPd ;’fP’ Nghh;Lfs; te;jjhy; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfSf;F cs;s kTR Fiwe;Js;sJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. vd;whYk; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bapy; thrpf;fg;gLk; ‘mD#uk;;’ vd;Wk; ,iria cyfpy; NtW ve;j vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf; fUtpfspYk; ,irf;f KbahJ. ,e;jpahtpy; rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tiu fy;fj;jhit rhh;e;j ‘Lthh;f;fps;’ vd;w fk;ngdpf;F vh;zhFsj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ‘khDNty; ,d;l];l;hPRk;’ jhd; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfis jahhpj;J tj;jJ. Mdhy; mitfSk; jahhpg;ig ,d;W Kw;wpYkhf epWj;jp tpl;ld.
gzFbapy; Mh;Nkhdpag; ngl;bfs; jahhpf;Fk; yl;Rkzd; KUfd; MfpNahh; $Wk;NghJ ntspehLfspy; ‘fP Nghh;fs;;’ vdg;gLk; vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf; fUtpfspd; tuthy; Kw;wpYkhf mq;F Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfspd; jahhpg;ig epWj;jp tpl;ld. ,g;nghOJ vq;fsplk; gy ntspehl;bdh; te;J Mh;lh; nra;J thq;fp nfhz;L nrd;Ws;sdh;. yz;ld; kpA+rpaj;jpy; $l vq;fsJ Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; jhd; fhl;rpg; nghUshf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpNyNa Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; nra;tJ gw;wpa tFg;Gfs; elj;j kj;jpa muR mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpaJ vq;fSf;F kl;LNk. vq;fsJ nghUshjhu neUf;fbapy; mjid rhptu ,g;nghOJ elj;j Kbtjpy;iy vd;W $wpdh;.
,e;jpahtpy; njd;Nfhbapy; cs;s gzFb vd;w ChpypUe;J jhahhpf;Fk; ,e;j ,ir ngl;bfs; gy ,e;J g[id klq;fs; nghpa fh;ehlf rghf;fspy; kl;Lkpd;wp gy ntspehl;L fpwp];jt Myaq;fspYk; ,iria vOg;gp hPq;fhukpl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fh;ehlf ,irf;F mr;rhukhd ,e;j ‘Mh;nkhdpa’ ngl;bfSf;F <lhf vj;jid etPd Af;jpfSld; vyf;l;uhdpf; ,irf; fUtpfs; te;jhYk; ,itfspd; kTR kl;Lk; vd;Wk; Fiwdahky; cynfq;Fk; ,irj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfs; jahh; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kug;gyiffs; ‘nul;rPlhh;’ vd;Dk; xUtif kiyNtk;G kuj;jpy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fgLfpwJ. ,e;j tif kug;gyiffSf;Fj;jhd ,irapd; mjph;Tfis Nrjg;gLj;jhky; ntspgLj;Jk; Fzk; cz;lhk; vdNt jhd; giofhyj;J kzp mbf;Fk; fbfhuq;fspy; ,e;j tif kuq;fspd; gyiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; goq;fhyj;J NubNah ngl;bfspYk; ,e;j tif kug;gyiffs; jhd; gad;gLj;jgl;Ls;sd.vilFiwthfTk; mjpf jpl jd;ik cilajhd ,k;kuq;fspy; ,Uf;f jhd; kPdth;fs; kPd;gpbf;f gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh; ‘fl;Lkuq;fs;’ $l nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,g;nul;rPlhh; ku tiffs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiygFjpfspy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt jhd; ,q;F jahhpf;fg;gLk; Mh;nkhdpa ngl;bfSf;F kTR mjpfk;.
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