நகராட்சி

நகராட்சி (Municipality) ஒரு தெளிவாக வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட நிலப்பகுதி மற்றும் அங்கு வாழும் மக்களின் நிர்வாக அமைப்பாகும். இது பொதுவாக ஒரு நகரம், ஊர் அல்லது கிராமத்தை நிர்வகிக்கும் அவையைக் குறிக்கும். நகராட்சியின் தலைவர் நகரத்தந்தை அல்லது மேயர் என அழைக்கப்படுகிறார். அவருக்கு நகராட்சிஅவை அல்லது முனிசிபல் கவுன்சில் உதவி புரிகிறது.

நகராட்சி ஒரு ஊராட்சி நிர்வாகத்தைக் குறித்தாலும் அதுமட்டுமே அல்ல. பெரும்பாலான நாடுகளில் நகராட்சி, மக்களாட்சி நடைபெறும் மிகச்சிறிய நிர்வாக அமைப்பாகும். சிலநாடுகளில் இவை "கம்யூன்கள்" என (பிரெஞ்சு: commune, இத்தாலியம்: comune, ரோமானியம்: comună, சுவீடியம்: kommun மற்றும் நார்வீஜியன்/டானிஷ்: kommune) அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. இன்னும் சில நாடுகளில், முக்கியமாக மத்தியகிழக்கு நாடுகளில், நகராட்சி என்பது மற்ற நாடுகளில் நகரமண்டபம் (டவுண் ஹால்/சிடி ஹால்) என்றழைக்கப்படும் நகராட்சியின் நிர்வாக கட்டிடத்தையும் குறிக்கிறது.

கனடா, கிரீன்லாந்து, ஆஸ்திரேலியா மற்றும் பிரேசில் நாடுகளில் மிகப்பெரிய நகராட்சிகளைக் காணலாம்.

கீழ்நிலை ஆட்சி அமைப்புகளாக நகராட்சிகள்

அல்பேனியா

நகராட்சி என்பது ஒரு நகரின் (பாஷ்கி) அல்லது ஒரு மாநிலத்தின்(komunë) நிர்வாக அமைப்பு.

அல்ஜீரியா

நகராட்சி (கொம்யூன்) டாராவின் பகுதியை உள்ளடைக்கிய விலயா; இங்கு 1,541 கொம்யூன்கள் உள்ளன.

அர்ச்சென்டினா

நகராட்சி (முனிசிபலிடாட்) என்பது ஒரு நகரம், ஊர் அல்லது ஒரு நகர்ப்பகுதியை குறிக்கும். அவை அமைந்திருக்கும் மாநிலங்கள் தங்கள் கீழ் உள்ள நகராட்சிகளை அவற்றின் ஆட்சியைப் பொறுத்து சீரமைத்துக் கொளகின்றன.

ஆஸ்திரேலியா

ஆஸ்திரேலியாவில் மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஆட்சிப்பகுதிகளின் உப-பிரிவுகள் நகராட்சிகளாகும். (பார்க்க ஆஸ்திரேலியாவின் உள்ளூராட்சிப் பகுதிகள்).

ஆஸ்திரியா

A municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Bezirk), which is in turn part of a state (Bundesland).

பங்களாதேசம்

A municipality (Paurashava) is part of a upazila or subdistrict, which is in turn part of a district.

பெல்ஜியம்

A municipality (gemeente/commune) is either part of a provincie/province or of the Brussels-Capital Region

பொலிவியா

A municipality (municipio) is part of a province, which is part of a departamento.

போஸ்னியா மற்றும் ஹெர்செகோவினா

A municipality (općina or opština) is part of a canton (kanton) and a subdivision (grouped in regions)

பிரேசில்

States (estados) are directly divided into municipalities (municípios), and the latter are the smallest political-administrative divisions; there is no equivalent to a county level. A city (cidade) is defined in Brazilian law as the urban seat of a municipality, and a municipality always has the same name as the corresponding city. Brazilian law establishes no difference between cities and towns; all it takes for an urban settlement to be called a "city" is to be the seat of a municipality, and some are very small. Other settlements have no form of local government and are under the authority of the municipality they are in, although in some cases the municipal government may set up local administrative offices there. The Federal District (the area of the national capital city, Brasília) has special status and is not divided into municipalities, but otherwise all land in Brazil, even the remotest wilderness areas, is in the territory of some municipality, and hence technically under the jurisdiction of a "city." No point in the country is in a non-incorporated area, and this is why some municipalities in sparsely populated areas such as the Amazon region can be larger than many sovereign countries.

பல்கேரியா

A municipality (Bulgarian: община) is the smallest regional administrative division and is part of a province. There are 264 municipalities grouped in 28 provinces in Bulgaria.

கனடா

A municipality (or local municipality) is a city, town, village, township or (formerly) borough. A region (or regional municipality) is a district, county or (formerly) metropolis which has been incorporated by statute by the legislature of the province or territory. It is also a specific designation for certain municipalities in Quebec, Nova Scotia and Ontario. Certain areas of Ontario, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are designated as rural municipalities, while equivalent areas in Alberta are designated as municipal districts and some in British Columbia are designated as district municipalities.

சிலி

A municipality (municipalidad) is a legal entity which administers one or more communes (comuna) which are the third-level division of the country. The first division are regions which a next divided into provinces (provincia). These provinces are next divided into comunas which are assigned to a municipality for administration. In most cases the municipality and the comuna have the same name, but the constitution permits a single municipality to be responsible for more than one commune.

கொலம்பியா

A municipality (municipio) is part of a department (departamento). It is also subdivided into Corregimientos and Veredas.

க்ரோஷியா

A municipality (općina) is part of a county (županija)

செக் குடியரசு

A municipality (obec) is part of a kraj (kraj)

டென்மார்க்

A municipality (kommune) is part of a region. Counties (amter) were abandoned in Denmark on January 1, 2007.

டெமினிகன் குடியரசு

A municipality (municipio) is a subdivision of a province (see municipalities of the Dominican Republic).

இசுடோனியா

A municipality (omavalitsus) is the smallest division.

பின்லாந்து

A municipality (kunta / kommun) co-operates with municipalities nearby in a sub-region (seutukunta / region) and region (maakunta / landskap); a region belongs to a province (lääni / län) of the state. A municipality can freely call itself a "city" (kaupunki / stad).

பிரான்ஸ்

A municipality (commune) is part of a department (département) which is part of a region (région)

ஜெர்மனி

A municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Kreis). Larger entities of the same level are called towns (Stadt). In less populated regions, municipalities are often put together into collective municipalities (Verbandsgemeinde)

கிரீஸ்

A municipality is either demoi or koinotetes with lesser population, which are then part of a prefecture (nomos) and then a larger region known as a periphery. Municipalities are third-level administrative divisions and their heads (mayors in demoi, presidents in koinotetes) are appointed via popular vote held every four years.

ஹைத்தி

A municipality (commune) is part of an arrondissement, which is part of a department (département).

ஹங்கேரி

A municipality (települési önkormányzat) is part of a county (megye).

ஐஸ்லாந்து

A municipality is a town concil. It can also be a village with population from 300 to 18000 people. (see Municipalities of Iceland)

இந்தியா

நகராட்சி பொதுவாக ஒரு நகரையே குறிக்கும். அது கிராம்முமில்லாத பெருநகராகவும் இல்லாத ஊராகும். மக்கள் தொகை 1,00,000க்கு மிகுந்திருக்கும். மக்கள் தொகை 1,00,000 ஐ மிகுந்திருந்தால் அது மாநகராட்சி (கார்பரேஷன்) என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

இத்தாலி

A comune is part of a province (provincia) which is part of a region (regione). The term "municipality" is reserved for subdivisions of larger comuni (in particular, the comune of Rome).

யப்பான்

A municipality is the sphere of government within the prefectures, the sub-division of the state.

கென்யா

A municipality is one of four types of local authorities. Nearly 50 major towns are given the municipality status.

லாத்வியா

A municipality (sing.:novads, plur.:novadi) is part of a district (sing.:rajons, plur.:rajoni). A municipality normally consists of amalgated parishes (sing.:pagasts, plur.:pagasti).

லெபனான்

A municipality is part of a district (அரபி: Qadaa) which is part of a Governorate (Region or Province, Arabic: Mouhafazah).

லிதுவானியா

A municipality (savivaldybė) is a part of a district (apskritis) and is subdivided into elderates (seniūnija).

லக்சம்பர்க்

A communes are the lowest divisions.

மெக்சிகோ

A municipality (municipio) is a subdivision of a state (estado) and a borough (delegación) is a subdivision of the Federal District (see municipalities of Mexico and boroughs of the Mexican Federal District).

நெதர்லாந்து

A municipality (gemeente) is part of a province (provincie).

நியூசிலாந்து

Every part of mainland New Zealand is part of either a "city" (mostly urban) or a "district" (mostly rural). The term "municipality" has become rare in New Zealand since about 1979 and has no legal status.

நிகாரகுவா

A municipality (municipio) is subdivision of a department (departamento) or of one of the two Autonomous Regions, Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte and Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur.

நார்வே

A municipality (kommune) is part of a county (fylke). There are 431 municipalities in Norway (2006).

பாலத்தீன தேசிய ஆணையம்

Municipalities are localities with populations over 4,000 and have 13-15 council members. There are 105 municipalities in the PNA.

பாராகுவே

A municipality (municipalidad) is part of a departament (departamento).

பெரு

A municipality (municipio) is another term for district (distrito) and is the lower-level administrative subdivision. It is part of a province (provincia), which is part of a department (departamento). As of 2002 a department is now called a region (región).

பிலிப்பைன்ஸ்

A municipality (bayan) is a town with a popularly elected administration including a mayor, and is part of a province (lalawigan)—except for the independent municipality of Pateros, Metro Manila in the National Capital Region—and is composed of barangays.

போலந்து

A municipality (gmina) is a part of a county (powiat).

போர்த்துகல்

A municipality (município) is a directly elected local area authority generally consisting of a main city and surrounding villages, with wide-ranging local administration powers. It is also a subdivision of a district for central government purposes(distritos).

பியூர்டோ ரிகோ

A municipality (municipio) is a town or city with a popularly elected administration, including a mayor.

ரோமானியா

A municipality (municipiu) is a town or a city ranked by law at this level. A commune is the lowest subdivision of a judeţ.

உருசியா

Several types of municipalities ("municipal formations") exist; see subdivisions of Russia

சான் மாரினோ

There are also eight minor municipalities, castelli.

செர்பியா

A municipality (opština) is part of a county (okrug)

இசுலோவாகியா

A municipality (obec) is part of a district (okres). There are 2 891 municipalities in the country.

தென் ஆப்பிரிக்கா

District municipalities and metropolitan municipalities are subdivisions of the provinces, and local municipalities are subdivisions of district municipalities.

ஸ்வீடன்

A municipality (kommun) is part of a county (län).

ஸ்விட்சர்லாந்து

A municipality (commune/Gemeinde/comune) is part of a canton (canton/Kanton/cantone) and defined by cantonal law.

ஐக்கிய அரபு இராச்சியம்

A municipality is part of an emirate, and is defined by the law of the specific emirates.

பிரித்தானியா மற்றும் வட அயர்லாந்து ஐக்கிய முடியாட்சி

The term "municipality" is rarely used and the municipal level of government used in other countries shares characteristics with (but is not identical to) the civil parish, town, city, borough, district, and/or unitary authority, depending on the location. The term "municipal" is used to refer to things pertaining to the government of a town or city.

ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா

The entities that have status as a municipality vary from state to state. Cities, towns, boroughs, or villages are common terms for municipalities. Townships, counties, and parishes are not generally considered to be municipalities, although there are exceptions. In some states, towns have a non-municipal status similar to townships. Likewise, some townships have full municipal status.

வெனிசூலா

A municipality (municipio) is part of a state, as well as a subdivision of the Capital District (estado).

First-level entities and other forms of municipalities

People's Republic of China

A direct-controlled municipality (直辖市 in pinyin: zhíxiáshì) is a city with equal status to a province: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing (see Municipality of China)

Republic of China on Taiwan

A municipality (直轄市 in Wade-Giles: chi-hsia-shih) is a city with equal status to a province: Taipei and Kaohsiung. (see Municipality of China)

Jersey

A municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 Parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of regional government in this jurisdiction.

Macedonia

84 municipalities (opštini; singular: opština) were established in 2004, reduced from 123 created in 1996.

Portugal

A municipality (município/concelho) is the primary local administrative unit. Although it is a part of a district (distrito) for certain national administrative purposes, the municipality is not subordinate to the district and decentralization is doing away with the districts. A municipality contains one or more freguesias.

Puerto Rico

There are no first order administrative divisions, and the municipalities (municipio) serve as second-order, but first level, administrative divisions.

Montenegro

A municipality (opština) is the topmost regional division

Municipalities of Libya

Some very large.

Slovenia

A municipality (občina) is the primary local administrative unit. There are 210 of them, 11 of which have a special "Urban" status with additional autonomy.

Spain

A municipality (municipio) is the primary local administrative unit. It is a part of a province (provincia) for all national administrative purposes. In the Galicia region, the municipalities are called concellos, and in the Principality of Asturias region, a municipality is called conceyu. In these two regions a municipality contains one or more parroquias.